The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). They can be divided into 45–50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea. The colouration is predominantly reddish and black, and though of varying wing shape, the forewings are always elongated tipwards, hence the common name.
| Heliconiinae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mimicry in Heliconius | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Subfamily: | Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822 |
| Tribes | |
|
and see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Most longwings are found in the Tropics, particularly in South America; only the Argynnini are quite diverse in the Holarctic. Especially tropical species feed on poisonous plants, characteristically Passifloraceae vines, as larvae, becoming poisonous themselves. The adult butterflies announce their acquired toxicity with strong aposematic colours, warning off would-be predators. There are several famous cases of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry both within this group and with other butterflies. Other commonly seen food plants are Fabaceae (which also contain several toxic species), and particularly among northerly species of Violaceae.[1]
Systematics
editFour or five tribes are generally recognized in the Heliconiinae. There have been numerous attempts to sort out the phylogenetic sequence and delimitation of these, but while the former has made good progress, the latter has hitherto only achieved limited results.[1]
Several phylogenies (and corresponding taxonomic adjustments) have been proposed, but though looking reasonable each and every one of them is only weakly supported. Even cladistic analyses of the same type of data often yield contradicting results depending on the exact method of evaluation. Ultimately, the reason is that just a fraction of the evolutionary diversity of Heliconiinae has been sampled.[1]
What appears fairly certain is that the Argynnini and Vagrantini are closer relatives than any other two tribes of Heliconiinae. The Acraeini and Heliconiini are probably more basal lineages, but the exact placement of each respective to the other tribes cannot be considered well resolved at all.[1]
Some tribes are distributed among several continents, resulting in a confusing phylogeography pattern. But as it seems, the apparent contradictions between systematics and biogeography are due to the premature classifications based on insufficient taxon sampling. With studies becoming more and more comprehensive, the apparent anomalies seem to sort themselves out at least for the most part. For example, the confusing distribution pattern of Acraea in the wide circumscription is apparently simply due to the bulk of this morphologically conservative group warranting recognition as genus Telchinia – it stands to note that this group has on occasion been allied with Actinote rather than Acraea, and this indeed appears to be correct.[1]
In addition, the genus Pardopsis, often placed in the Acraeini, does almost certainly not belong there; it is now tentatively placed in the Argynnini. The relationships of the genus Cethosia (sometimes treated as a tribe of its own) are even more mysterious, and it is likely that some other genera will eventually also be moved to a different tribe as they are studied in detail. Some, like the Argynnini Argynnis, Boloria and Issoria, might be overlumped and non-monophyletic and thus some genera presently usually considered junior synonyms of them might eventually be validated like Telchinia.[1]
Genera
edit
Genera are presented in the presumed phylogenetic sequence. Notable species are also given if no genus article exists.[2]
Acraeini Boisduval, 1833
- Abananote Potts, 1943
- Actinote Hübner, 1819
- Altinote Potts, 1943
- Acraea Fabricius, 1807 (paraphyletic)
- Bematistes Hemming, 1935
- Cethosia Fabricius, 1807 – lacewings
- Miyana Fruhstorfer, 1914 (tentatively placed here)
Heliconiini Swainson, 1822
- Agraulis Boisduval & Le Conte, 1835
Julia heliconian (Dryas iulia) (left) and zebra longwing (Heliconius charithonia)
- Dione Hübner, 1819
- Dryadula Michner, 1942 – banded orange
- Dryas Hübner, [1807] – Julia heliconian
- Eueides Hübner, 1816
- Heliconius Kluk, 1780 – brush-foot butterflies
- Philaethria Billberg, 1820
- Podotricha Michener, 1942
Vagrantini Pinratana & Eliot, 1996
- Lachnoptera Doubleday, 1847
- Phalanta Horsfield, 1829
- Smerina Hewitson, 1874
- Vindula Hemming, 1934 – cruisers
- Cirrochroa Doubleday, 1847
- Algiachroa Parsons, 1989
- Algia Herrich-Schäffer, 1864
- Terinos Boisduval, 1836
- Cupha Billberg, 1820
- Vagrans Hemming, 1934
Argynnini Duponchel, 1835
Footnotes
editReferences
edit- Brown, Keith S. Jr. (1981). The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26: 427–456. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.002235 PDF fulltext Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
- Miller, L.D. & Miller, J.Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook: 130. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
- Savela, Markku (2008). Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Heliconiinae. Version of 2008-FEB-09. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14.
- Silva-Brandão, Karina Lucas; Wahlberg, Niklas;, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos; Azeredo-Espin, Ana Maria L.; Brown, Keith S. Jr.; Paluch, Márlon; Lees, David C. & Freitas, André V.L. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe Acraeini (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) and the evolution of host plant use. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(2): 515–531. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.024 (HTML abstract)
- Wahlberg, Niklas (2008). Nymphalidae.net – The higher classification of Nymphalidae. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14.
Further reading
edit- Van Zandt Brower, A. (1994). Phylogeny of Heliconius butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 3:159-174. and other papers.
- Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001).
- Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001).
- James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011).
- Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008).
- Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002).
External links
edit
- Tree of Life Heliconiinae Archived 2011-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Heliconius Butterfly Website
- Heliconius Genomics Project
- Information about Heliconius
- Heliconius charitonia, zebra longwing on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Butterflies and Moths of North America
- Butterflies of America