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The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) was a notable South Indian Kannadiga empire that ruled most of the modern-day state of Karnataka between the 10th to the 14th centuries. The capital of the empire was initially based at Belur, and later transferred to Halebidu. Hoysala administration was influenced by the Western Ganga Dynasty whom the Hoysalas replaced in present-day South Karnataka and their early overlords, the Western Chalukyas.
Administration
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The Hoysala administrative machinery had many similarities with that of the Western Chalukya and Western Ganga Dynasties in matters of cabinet and command, local governing bodies and division of territory into provinces and districts.[1] Several of the major feudatories of the Hoysalas were Gavundas of the peasant extraction.[2] Some historians state that in the highly centralised Hoysala empire the king sought the advice of five major ministers (Pancha Pradhanas) while others claim a higher number.[3] As the empire grew in the 13th century, the number of ministers also grew with each having limited authority. Inscriptions mention many names with responsibilities tied to such areas as foreign affairs (Sandhivigrahi), treasurer (Mahabhandari or Hiranyabhandari), personal secretary (Paramavishvasi), chief master of robes (Mahapasayita), justice (Dharmadhikari), central register (Kaditha), and head of the State Secretariat (Srikaranadhikari). Some ministers also oversaw clusters of departments (Sarvadhikari). Army commanders were called Dandanayaka (or Senadhipati).[citation needed]
The kingdom was divided into provinces (Nadu and Vishayas).[4] Further division of land was into Kampanas and Deshas. Under the caretaker commander were minister (Mahapradhana), treasurer (Bhandari), clerk (Senabove) and junior officers (Heggades). Feudatory families such as Alupas, Santharas, Chengalvas, Kongalvas, Sindas were allowed to continue to govern their respective territories. The Hoysalas minted gold coins with Kannada and Devanagari legends. King Vishnuvardhana's coins had the legends "victor at Nolambavadi" (Nolambavadigonda), "victor at Talakad" (Talakadugonda), "victor of the hills" (Malaparolgonda).[5] Their gold coin was called Honnu or Gadyana and weighed 62 grains of gold. Pana or Hana was 1/10 of the Honnu. Haga was ¼th of the Pana. Visa was ¼th of Haga. There were coins called Bele and Kani as well. Some of these terms Hana, Bele are still used in Kannada language and mean "money" and "cost" respectively.[citation needed]
The Garudas were the elite bodyguards of kings and queens. They were known as lenkas (heroes) or jolavalis (indebted to the king for food) and velavalis (those who stood by the king at all times). They served the king the way the mythical eagle Garuda served Lord Vishnu and committed suicide upon the demise of their master.[6] Hero stones (virgal) erected in memory of such heroes are called Garuda pillars. The Garuda pillar at the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebidu depicts heroes brandishing knives and others cutting their own heads. Kuvara Lakshma, a minister and bodyguard of king Veera Ballala II took his own life and that of his wife and other bodyguards upon the death of his master. The details of his loyalty are etched on this inscription (Shasana).[citation needed]
Notes
edit- ^ A Concise history of Karnataka, pp. 130–31 Dr. S.U. Kamath.
- ^ Radhika Seshan; Shraddha Kumbhojkar (2018). Re-searching Transitions in Indian History. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 45, 46. ISBN 9780429487569. OCLC 1041706962.
- ^ Prof William Coelho and Dr. Derrett hold opposing views, A Concise History of Karnataka, pp. 130–132, Dr. S.U. Kamath
- ^ Dr. Barrett opined that it is not clear which among Vishayas and Nadu was bigger in area and a Nadu was under the supervision of the commander (Dandanayaka), A Concise History of Karnataka, pp. 130–31 Dr. S.U. Kamath.
- ^ A Concise History of Karnataka, p. 125, Dr. S.U. Kamath, Govindaraya Prabhu, S. "Indian coins-Dynasties of South-Hoysalas". Prabhu's Web Page On Indian Coinage, 1 November 2001. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2006.. Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Hoysalas, according to Dr. S.U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, p. 12.
- ^ Shadow like, they moved closely with the king, lived near him and disappeared upon the death of their master, Professor S. Settar. "Hoysala Heritage". Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
References
edit- Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041.
- "Hoysala Coinage-Southern India, Govindaraya Prabhu, 1st Nov 2001". Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- "Hoysala Heritage, Prof. Settar". Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.