Hu Qiaomu (4 June 1912 – 28 September 1992) was a Chinese sociologist, Marxist philosopher and politician.
Hu Qiaomu | |
|---|---|
胡乔木 | |
 | |
| Born | June 4, 1912 |
| Died | September 28, 1992 (aged 80) |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Citizenship | People's Republic of China |
| Education | National Chekiang University Tsinghua University |
| Occupation(s) | Private Secretary to Chairman Mao President of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Member of Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party Permanent member of Central Advisory Commission President of Xinhua News Agency. Member of Chinese Academy of Sciences. |
| Era | Maoist China |
| Employer | People's Daily |
| Organization | Chinese Communist Party |
| Known for | Private Secretary for Mao revolutionary Socialist Communist |
Hu Qiaomu is a controversial figure for opposing the reform and opening up era of economic reform that followed the death of Mao Zedong.[1] He was a member of Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, permanent member of Central Advisory Commission, and the former president of Xinhua News Agency. He was an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Early career
editBorn in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province in 1912, Hu graduated from the Department of Foreign Literature, College of Arts and Sciences, National Chekiang University in 1935. Before this, he also studied history at Tsinghua University (in Beijing) during 1930–1932.
Hu was an early member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),[2]: 70 joining the Communist Youth League of China in 1930 and the CCP in 1932. In the early part of his career, he was, in chronological order, the party secretary (Communist Youth League of China) in Xijiao District, Beiping City (now Beijing) and the head of the Propaganda Department (Communist Youth League of China) in Xijiao District, Beiping City. He was a leader of the anti-Japanese student and worker movement in Beiping. In 1936, he became the general secretary of the Chinese Sociologist League (中国社会科学家联盟), the general secretary of the Chinese Leftism Cultural League (中国左翼文化界总同盟), and a member of the CCP Jiangsu Province Temporary Committee of Labours (中国共产党江苏省临时工人委员会).
From February 1941 (some say 1942) to June 1966, he was Mao Zedong's main secretary. In the beginning, his secretarial work was mainly focused on culture but later shifted to politics. His secretarial career was ended by the Cultural Revolution.
From October 1, 1949, to October 19, 1949, he was the president of the Xinhua News Agency. He was also the head of the News Office of the People's Republic of China, the vice president of the Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party, the general secretary of the Central Government Culture and Education Committee, and the vice general secretary of the Central Government. In 1954, he also participated in making the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In 1956, Hu was elected to be a member of the Eighth Politburo of the CCP and the alternative secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1977, he became the first president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and later on, advisor and the honorary president.
In 1951 Hu wrote "Thirty Years of the Chinese Communist Party".[3] The book emphasised the Mao Zedong's ideological importance, writing that only he was able to correctly interpret and apply Marxism–Leninism to the Chinese situation.[1] It also gave praise and recognition to orthodox Marxism, Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the Soviet Union, acknowledging their role in the revolution and the formation of the Chinese Communist Party.[1]
Subsequent career and intellectual contributions
editHu was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and rehabilitated in the 1970s.[2]: 70 After his rehabilitation, Hu was involved in developing a new historiographical model for the CCP.[2]: 70–71 Those contributions included an important role in party discussions on how to address the Cultural Revolution and a central role in preparing the 1981 Resolution on Certain Questions in Our Party's History.[2]: 71
As vice premier, Deng Xiaoping in 1975 sought to re-orient the Chinese Academy of Sciences towards more theoretical research, which had not been a focus during the Cultural Revolution.[4]: 74 Deng assigned CAS vice president Hu Yaobang to draft a plan for overhauling CAS, with Deng and Hu revising the draft, which was issued in September 1974 as "The Outline Report on the Work of the Academy of Sciences".[4]: 74 The Outline described scientific research in China as lagging behind the needs of socialist construction and the state of the advanced countries, and stated that to catch up, China should emphasize basic science in order to develop a sound theoretical foundation.[4]: 74 This approach to scientific reform fell out of political favor in 1976 when Deng was purged, although it continued to be supported by many members within CAS.[4]: 75 A month before Deng's political return in 1977 however, the Outline Report was revived and adopted as CAS's official policy.[4]: 81
In 1977, the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences was split off of CAS and reorganized into the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and led by Hu.[4]: 86–87
Hu was instrumental in promoting the Second Sino-Japanese War as an academic subject.[2]: 112 He successfully led a national-level campaign to open the War of Resistance Museum.[2]: 112 In the 1980s, Hu advocated a view of history more accepting of incorporating the Nationalists' contributions during the war.[2]: 71 His history of dedication to the party and long-time focus on historiography gave further weight to this approach.[2]: 71
References
edit- ^ a b c "Historian: Hu Qiaomu". Chinese Revolution. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mitter, Rana (2020). China's Good War: How World War II is Shaping a New Nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98426-4. OCLC 1141442704.
- ^ Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik "Party Historiography" in Using the Past to Serve the Present: historiography and politics in contemporary China, Jonathan Unger, ed. (M.E. Sharpe: New York) 1993, p. 154
- ^ a b c d e f Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501774157.
Further reading
edit
- "The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng" Edited by Roderick MacFarquhar, published by Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Two Pens of CPC - Hu Qiaomu & Zhou Yang Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)
- Notes from People's Daily