Irreligion in Bulgaria pertains to atheism, agnosticism, and secularism among the citizens of Bulgaria. Irreligion is a minority religious position in Bulgaria. Making up approximately 5-10% of Bulgarians, irreligion is the second most common religious stance after Eastern Orthodoxy. Irreligion in Bulgaria is closely tied to the history of Marxism–Leninism and Soviet rule in the country during the 20th century.
Religion in Bulgaria (2011 census)[1]
History
editFor much of its history, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was the primary religion of Bulgaria. Early irreligion in Bulgaria rose from the debate over phyletism in the early 20th century, where Bulgarian nationalists disagreed as to the role that religion should play in Bulgarian independence. Bulgarian revolutionaries such as Lyuben Karavelov and Hristo Botev wrote that religion is not necessary to form a cohesive nation. In the 1930s, atheism spread among Bulgarian academics amid translation of Russian atheist works. These academics included Asen Zlatarov, Todor Pavlov, and Azaria Polikarov, who all played a role in the spread of atheism in the country.[2]
In 1946, Bulgaria became the People's Republic of Bulgaria under the government of the Soviet Union. As a soviet republic, state atheism was enforced in the country.[3][4][5] The Dimitrov Constitution removed the Orthodox church as the state religion of Bulgaria, and the Denominations Act, 1949 further enforced atheism by placing the church under direct control of the state. The act became a point of contention after Bulgarian independence and was repealed in 2002.[6]
Many religious traditions were secularized during Soviet rule. Religious holidays were renamed, birthdays took precedence over name days, civil marriage became the standard over religious marriage ceremonies, and taxes were prioritized over church dues. Members of the Muslim Bulgarian Turk community were targeted by nationalist propaganda and forced to change their personal names. As a consequence of a scientific tradition in Bulgarian socialism, academics in Bulgaria were relatively free to research and discuss traditional religion in Bulgaria.[2]
Following Bulgaria's independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, the Constitution of Bulgaria recognized Eastern Orthodoxy in Bulgaria while establishing separation of church and state.[7] In the 1990s, religious expression was seen as a rejection of Soviet rule and widely celebrated, and institutions were renamed in honor of religious figures.[2]
Demographics
editIrreligion is uncommon in Bulgaria, as most citizens are Eastern Orthodox or Muslim. In the 2011 Bulgarian census, 9.3% of Bulgarians declared that they were irreligious,[1] a significant increase from 3.88% in 2001.[8] Eurobarometer found the number of irreligious Bulgarians to be 5% in 2019, with an additional 4% undeclared.[9] Irreligion is more common among Romani populations, with 16.1% of Romani Bulgarians not identifying with any religion in the 2001 census, compared to just 2.3% of ethnic Bulgarians at the time.[10][11]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b "Население по местоживеене, възраст и вероизповедание". National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Denkov, Dimitar; Vulchev, Georgi; Gueorguieva, Valentina (February 26, 2020). "Bulgaria: Freethought and atheism in the shadow of ethnophyletism". In Bubík, Tomáš; Remmel, Atko; Václavík, David (eds.). Freethought and Atheism in Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge. pp. 9–32. ISBN 9781032173795.
- ^ Tzvetkova, Juliana (1 July 2015). Bulgaria - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. ISBN 9781857337143. Retrieved 2 November 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Genov, Nikolai; Krasteva, Anna (1 January 2001). Recent Social Trends in Bulgaria, 1960-1995. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 9780773568259. Retrieved 2 November 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Bousfield, Jonathan; Richardson, Dan (2 November 2017). Bulgaria. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781858288826. Retrieved 2 November 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Petkoff, Peter (2015). "Religion and the Secular State in Bulgaria". Religion and the Secular State: National Reports. International Center for Law and Religion Studies. pp. 145–182. ISBN 978-8484811626.
- ^ "Chapter One - Fundamental Principles". Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria (PDF). Sofia. 1991.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Population by Districts and Religion Group as of 2001". National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017.
- ^ Special Eurobarometer 493, European Union: European Commission, September 2019, pages 229–230 Retrieved 17 January 2020. The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim - Shia, Muslim - Sunni, Other Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, Non believer/Agnostic and Other. Also space was given for Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) and Don't Know. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist and Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
- ^ "Структура на населението по вероизповедание (Structure of the population by confession)". National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017.
- ^ "Етнически малцинствени общности (Ethnic minority communities)". National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017.