Jaunutis (Polish: Jawnuta; Belarusian: Яўнут; lit. 'young man'; Christian name: Ioann; also John or Ivan; c. 1300 – after 1366) was Grand Duke of Lithuania after his father Gediminas died in 1341 until he was deposed by his elder brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis in 1345.[1]
| Jaunutis | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Depiction of Jaunutis by Alaksandar Tarasievič (1675) | |
| Grand Duke of Lithuania | |
| Reign | 1341–1345 |
| Predecessor | Gediminas |
| Successor | Algirdas |
| Duke of Zaslawye | |
| Reign | 1350–1366 |
| Predecessor | Algirdas |
| Successor | Michael of Zaslawye |
| Born | c. 1300 |
| Died | after 1366 |
| House | Gediminid |
Succession
editAccording to Polish historian Jan Tęgowski, he was probably born between 1306 and 1309.[2]
Jaunutis was not mentioned in any written sources prior to Gediminas' death.[3] Before Gediminas' death, all his sons had been granted a domain of Lithuania. Only the second-youngest son, Jaunutis, had not received any domains but lived with his parents in Vilnius. When his father died, he automatically became the ruler of Vilnius and the nearby lands. In Gediminas' time, it was already customary to regard the Duke of Vilnius as the ruler of the whole Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[4] There are many theories why Gediminas chose Jaunutis, a middle son, as his successor. Some suggested that he was an acceptable compromise between pagan (Algirdas and Kęstutis) and Orthodox (Narimantas, Karijotas, Liubartas) sons of Gediminas.[5] Others claimed that Jaunutis was the eldest son of Gediminas' second wife; thus the tradition that Gediminas was married twice: to a pagan and to an Orthodox duchess.[6]
Rule
editVery little is known about the years when Jaunutis ruled. Those were quite peaceful years, as the Teutonic Knights were led by the ineffective Ludolf König.[3] His brothers were much more active: Algirdas attacked Mozhaysk, Livonian Order, defended Pskov, Kęstutis was helping Liubartas in succession disputes in Galicia–Volhynia.[5]
Seeing that Jaunutis hesitates to provide help with their military campaigns, his two elder brothers, Algirdas and Kęstutis, agreed to remove Jaunutis and take power into their own hands. Kęstutis, who ruled the nearby Duchy of Trakai, unexpectedly captured Vilnius, he summoned Algirdas and let him rule the whole Duchy of Vilnius. As compensation, the brothers gave Jaunutis the Duchy of Zasłaŭje, but Jaunutis did not want to yield and refused the duchy.[4]
The Bychowiec Chronicle mentions that Jaunutis was supported by Jaunė, the presumed wife of Gediminas and mother of his children. She died c. 1344 soon after Jaunutis lost his throne. If he was indeed protected by his mother, then it would be an interesting example of influence held by queen mother in pagan Lithuania.[3] However, a concrete stimulus might have been a major reise planned by the Teutonic Knights in 1345.[5]
Later life
editJaunutis was supported by his brother Narimantas, who traveled to Jani Beg, Khan of the Golden Horde, to form an alliance against Algirdas and Kęstutis. Jaunutis was imprisoned in Vilnius, but managed to escape and went to his Russian brother-in-law Simeon of Moscow. There Jaunutis was baptized as Ioann, but failed to solicit help (possibly because his sister Aigusta, wife of Simeon, died the same year).[7] Both Jaunutis and Narimantas had to reconcile with Algirdas. Jaunutis became the Duke of Zasłaŭje.[6] The other brothers willingly recognised Vilnius for Algirdas. [4]
He is presumed to have died c. 1366 because he is mentioned for the last time in a treaty with Poland in 1366, and not mentioned in a treaty with Livonia in 1367.[6] He had three sons, Symeon Zaslawski, Grzegorz Słucki and Michal Zaslawski.[8] Michal ruled Zasłaŭje until his death on August 12, 1399 in the Battle of the Vorskla River.
References
edit- ^ "Algirdas | grand duke of Lithuania". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ Tęgowski, Jan (1999). Pierwsze pokolenia Giedyminowiczów. Poznań-Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Historyczne. p. 190. ISBN 8391356310.
- ^ a b c Rowell, S.C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–287. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
- ^ a b c Šapoka, Adolfas (1989). Lietuvos istorija (5th ed.). Vilnius: Mokslas. p. 79. ISBN 9785420006313.
- ^ a b c Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė; Albinas Kuncevičius (2000) [1995]. The History of Lithuania Before 1795 (English ed.). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. p. 118. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.
- ^ a b c Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Jaunutis". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. II. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 516. LCCN 74-114275.
- ^ Rowell, S. C. (Spring 1994). "Pious Princesses or Daughters of Belial: Pagan Lithuanian Dynastic Diplomacy, 1279–1423". Medieval Prosopography. 15 (1): 40. ISSN 0198-9405.
- ^ Tęgowski, Jan (1999). Pierwsze pokolenia Giedyminowiczów. Poznań-Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Historyczne. pp. 191–192. ISBN 8391356310.
See also
edit- Family of Gediminas – family tree of Jaunutis
- Gediminids