Jeroboam II (Hebrew: יָרָבְעָם, Yāroḇʿām; Greek: Ἱεροβοάμ; Latin: Hieroboam/Jeroboam), also referred to as Jeroboam son of Jehoash, was the successor of Jehoash (alternatively spelled Joash) and the thirteenth king of the ancient Kingdom of Israel, over which he ruled for forty-one years in the eighth century BC. His reign was contemporary with those of Amaziah[1] and Uzziah,[2] kings of Judah. Jeroboam is the fourth king of the House of Jehu and the longest-reigning king of the kingdom of Israel in Samaria. He is described as a military commander who fought Syria.
| Jeroboam II | |
|---|---|
 Jeroboam II from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum (1553) | |
| King of Israel (Northern Kingdom) | |
| Reign | 793–753 BC or 786–746 BC |
| Predecessor | Jehoash |
| Successor | Zechariah |
| Father | Jehoash |
History
editWilliam F. Albright has dated his reign to 786–746 BC, while E. R. Thiele says he was coregent with Jehoash 793 to 782 BC and sole ruler 782 to 753 BC.[3]
He extended Israel to its former limits, from "the entering of Hamath to the sea of the plain".[4]
In 1910, G. A. Reisner found sixty-three inscribed potsherds while excavating the royal palace at Samaria, which were later dated to the reign of Jeroboam II and mention regnal years extending from the ninth to the 17th of his reign. These ostraca, while unremarkable in themselves, contain valuable information about the script, language, religion and administrative system of the period. In 2020 a bulla belonging to a servant of Jeroboam II was authenticated.[5][6]
Archaeological evidence confirms the biblical account of his reign as the most prosperous that the northern kingdom of Israel had yet known. By the late 8th century BC, the territory of Israel was the most densely settled in the entire Levant, with a population of about 350,000.[7] This prosperity was built on trade in olive oil, wine, and possibly horses, with Egypt and especially Assyria providing the markets.[8] According to the prophet Amos, the triumphs of the king had engendered a haughty spirit of boastful overconfidence at home.[9] Oppression and exploitation of the poor by the mighty, luxury in palaces of unheard-of splendor, and a craving for amusement were some of the internal fruits of these external triumphs.[4] Archaeologist Israel Finkelstein has argued that many of the stories of King Solomon's rule over a large, prosperous kingdom were inspired by memories or records of the reign of Jeroboam II. For example, Finkelstein claimed that a list of districts in 1 Kings 4 supposedly under Solomonic rule actually matches the geographic boundaries of the Kingdom of Israel in the time of Jeroboam II.[10] Thomas Römer has argued that Jeroboam I may not have existed and that Deuteronomistic redactors transferred the reign of Jeroboam II to Jeroboam I,[11] although Lester L. Grabbe finds this theory unlikely.[12]
Under Jeroboam II, the God of Israel was worshiped at Dan and Beth-el and at other old Israelite shrines, through actual images, such as the golden calf. These services at Dan and Beth-el, at Gilgal and Beer-sheba, were of a nature to arouse the indignation of the prophets, and the foreign cults,[13] both numerous and degrading, contributed still further to arousing of the prophetic spirit.[4] Jeroboam's reign was the period of the prophets Hosea, Joel, Amos and Jonah, all of whom condemned the materialism and selfishness of the Israelite elite of their day: "Woe unto those who lie upon beds of ivory ... eat lambs from the flock and calves ... [and] sing idle songs ..."[14] The Book of Kings condemns Jeroboam for doing "evil in the eyes of the Lord", meaning both the oppression of the poor and his continuing support of the cult centres of Dan and Bethel, in opposition to the temple in Jerusalem.
Earthquake in Israel c. 760 BC
editA major earthquake had occurred in Israel c. 760 BC, which may have been during the time of Jeroboam II, towards the end of his rule. This earthquake is mentioned in the Book of Amos as having occurred during the rule of "Jeroboam son of Jehoash".[15]
Geologists believe they have found evidence of this big earthquake in sites throughout Israel and Jordan.[16] Archeologists Yigael Yadin and Israel Finkelstein dated the earthquake level at Tel Hazor to 760 BC based on stratigraphic analysis of the destruction debris.[17] Similarly, David Ussishkin arrived at the same date based on the "sudden destruction" level at Lachish.
According to Steven A. Austin, the magnitude of this earthquake may have been at least 7.8, but more likely as high as 8.2. "This magnitude 8 event of 750 B.C. appears to be the largest yet documented on the Dead Sea transform fault zone during the last four millennia."[18]
The epicenter of this earthquake may have been 200–300 km north of present-day Israel.
Multiple biblical references exist to this earthquake in the Book of Amos,[19] and also in Zechariah 14:5.[20]
Recent excavations by Aren Maeir in ancient Gath have revealed evidence of a major earthquake.
"Based on the tight stratigraphic context, this can be dated to the mid-8th cent. BCE" ...[21]
In the Bible
editHis name occurs in the Old Testament only in 2 Kings;[22] 1 Chronicles;[23] Book of Hosea;[24] and Book of Amos.[25] In all other passages it is Jeroboam I, the son of Nebat that is meant.
See also
edit- 2 Kings 14, 15
- Omrides, the previous dynasty
- Shema Seal
References
edit- ^ Bible 2 Kings 14:23
- ^ Bible 2 Kings 15:1
- ^ Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). ISBN 0-8254-3825-X, 9780825438257
- ^ a b c "Jeroboam II", Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ 2,700 years ago, tiny clay piece sealed deal for Bible’s King Jeroboam II Times of Israel
- ^ Oren, Eliezer D.; Ahituv, Shmuel; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Mira; Goren, Yuval; Shamir, Orit (2021). "A Bulla Impressed with the Seal of Shemaʿ Servant of Jeroboam". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies (in Hebrew). 34: 13*–22*. ISSN 0071-108X. JSTOR 27165933.
- ^ Broshi, M, and Finkelstein, I, (1992). "The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II", Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 287: 47–60.
- ^ The number of settlements devoted to olive production, identified by olive persses and other installations, increased dramatically in the 8th century BC. The Samaria ostraca record the commerce in oil and wine. For a brief description, see Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil, The Bible Unearthed, 2001.
- ^ Bible Amos 6:13
- ^ Matthew J. Adams, Israel Finkelstein (16 April 2021). Episode Thirteen: Solomon, King of Globalization (video). Jerusalem: W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. Event occurs at 16:41. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ Römer, Thomas. “How Jeroboam II became Jeroboam I”, HeBAI 6/3, 2017, 372-382. “The Deuteronomistic redactors of the book of Kings are almost silent about the reign of Jeroboam II. This can be explained by the fact that they transferred the foundation of the sanctuaries of Dan and Bethel to the time of Jeroboam I.”
- ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2017). "Jeroboam I? Jeroboam II? Or Jeroboam 0? Jeroboam in History and Tradition". In Lipschits, O.; Gadot, Y.; Adams, M. J. (eds.). Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein. Eisenbrauns. pp. 115–123. ISBN 978-1-57506-787-2.
- ^ Bible Amos 5
- ^ Bible Amos 6:4–5
- ^ Bible Amos 1:1
- ^ Steven A. Austin, Gordon W. Franz, and Eric G. Frost, "Amos's Earthquake: An Extraordinary Middle East Seismic Event of 750 B.C." International Geology Review 42 (2000) 657–671.
- ^ Y. Yadin, Hazor, the Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible (New York: Random House, 1975). I. Finkelstein, "Hazor and the North in the Iron Age: A Low Chronology Perspective," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 314 (1999) 55–70. Both are cited in Austin et al., "Amos's Earthquake," 658.
- ^ Austin, S. 2010. The Scientific and Scriptural Impact of Amos' Earthquake. Acts & Facts. 39 (2): 8–9.
- ^ Bible Amos 3:14, 6:11, 8:8, 9:1
- ^ Bible Zechariah 14:5
- ^ View of Philistine temple and "Amos" earthquake The Tell es-Safi/Gath Excavations Weblog - July 2010
- ^ Bible 2 Kings 13:13; 14:16, 23, 27, 28, 29; 15:1, 8
- ^ Bible 1 Chronicles 5:17
- ^ Bible Hosea 1:1
- ^ Bible Amos 1:1; 7:9, 10, 11
External links
edit- View of Philistine temple and “Amos” earthquake The Tell es-Safi/Gath Excavations Weblog – July 2010