John Caesar (c. 1763 – 15 February 1796), nicknamed "Black Caesar", was the first Australian bushranger and one of the first people of African descent to arrive in Australia.[1][2]
John Caesar | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1763 Madagascar or the West Indies |
| Died | 15 February 1796 (aged 31–32) |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wound |
| Other names | Black Caesar |
| Occupation | Servant |
| Conviction(s) | Theft (1786) Theft (1789) |
| Criminal penalty | Transportation – 7 years Transportation – life |
Early life
editJohn Caesar was born circa 1763,[3] in either Madagascar[3][4] or the West Indies.[1] His birth name is unknown.[4] The name Caesar was common amongst slaves, and it is likely he was given the name during his enslavement in Virginia or South Carolina in the late 1770s.[5][4] Malagasy people were particularly prized in those areas.[4]
John Caesar had moved to England by 1786. He may have fled to British lines seeking emancipation. It is also possible that his slave owner was a loyalist who returned to England following the American Revolutionary War.[4] By 1786 he was a servant living in the parish of St Paul, Deptford.[3][4]
Transportation to Australia
editIn 1786, Caesar was charged with stealing £12 from a residence.[4] Later that same year, on 13 March 1786, he was tried at Maidstone, Kent for stealing another £12 from another residence.[4][3] His sentence was transportation to the penal colony of New South Wales for seven years.[4][2][3] He was sent to the hulk Ceres.[3] Caesar embarked on 6 January 1787 on the convict transport ship Alexander of the First Fleet.[3][4] He was one of twelve black convicts.[4] In May 1787, his age was estimated as 23, and his occupation was listed as servant or labourer.[2]
Alexander arrived in Botany Bay with the First Fleet on 19 January 1788.[3][6][4] Caesar gained a reputation in the colony as a conscientious and hard worker.[3]
Escape attempts
editFirst escape
editOn 29 April 1789 he was tried for theft and sentenced to a second term of transportation, this time to life.[3] Caesar took to the bush a fortnight later, reportedly with some provisions, an iron pot, and a musket stolen from a marine named Abraham Hand. However, unable to sustain himself owing to the shortage of game, he began to steal food on the outskirts of the settlement. David Collins called him "an incorrigibly stubborn black."[7]
On 26 May he helped himself to a brickmaking gang's rations on Brickfield Hill and was nearly caught. On the night of 6 June he tried to steal food from the house of Zachariah Clark, the colony's assistant commissary for stores, and was caught by a convict named William Saltmarsh.[3]
In July 1789, David Collins, the colony's Judge-Advocate, wrote:
This man was always reputed the hardest living convict in the colony; his frame was muscular and well calculated for hard labour; but in his intellects he did not very widely differ from a brute; his appetite was ravenous, for he would in any one day devour the full rations for two days. To gratify this appetite he was compelled to steal from others, and all his thefts were directed to that purpose.[7]
Caesar was described by Collins after his first recapture as a "wretch" who was "so indifferent about meeting death, that he declared while in confinement, that if he should be hanged, he would create a laugh before he was turned off, by playing off some trick upon the executioner".[7]
Governor Arthur Phillip however, took advantage of Caesar's potential as a labourer and had him sent to Garden Island, where he would work in fetters and be provided with vegetables. There he showed good behaviour and as a result was eventually allowed to work without iron belts.[3]
Second escape
editCaesar was allowed to work without chains. On 22 December 1789 he escaped in a stolen canoe, taking a gun. According to Collins:
Caesar the black, whose situation on Garden Island had been some time back rendered more eligible, by being permitted to work without irons, found means to make his escape, with a mind insensible alike to kindness and to punishment, taking with him a canoe which lay there for the convenience of the other people employed on the island, together with a week's provisions belonging to them; and in a visit which he made them a few nights after in his canoe, he took off an iron pot, a musket, and some ammunition.[7]
Caesar robbed settlers' gardens, and stole from local Aboriginals, who speared him on 30 January 1790.[8]
On 31 January 1790 Caesar handed himself in to camp. Governor Phillip pardoned him and sent Caesar in the Supply to Norfolk Island in March 1790 to assist Doctor Considen. According to his biography, "By 1 July 1791 he was supporting himself on a lot at Queenborough and was issued with a hog. In January next year he was given one acre (0.4 ha) and ordered to work three days a week."[3]
Caesar became a father, having a daughter with fellow convict Anne Power (d 1796). Mary Ann Power was born on 4 March 1792. Caesar left her on Norfolk Island when he returned to Port Jackson in the Kitty in 1793.
Third escape
editCaesar escaped briefly again in July 1794 but soon returned home.[3]
Pemulwuy
editCaesar gained some notoriety during his lifetime for his part in wounding the Aboriginal warrior Pemulwuy. He was working with a party at Botany Bay in late 1795 that came under attack by a group of warriors led by Pemulwuy. Caesar wounded him by cracking his skull.
During his many skirmishes with European settlers, Pemulwuy is rumored to have been wounded up to seven times, with Caesar being one of the many men to almost end his leadership of the Aboriginal resistance to the European colonisation of Australia.[3][9]
Fourth escape
editCaesar escaped from custody in December 1795 and led a gang of absconders in the Port Jackson area. Settlers were warned against supplying him with ammunition.[3] On 29 January 1796 Governor Hunter offered a reward for his capture of five gallons of spirits.[10][11] According to Collins:
Notwithstanding the reward that had been offered for apprehending black Caesar, he remained at large, and scarcely a morning arrived without a complaint being made to the magistrates of a loss of property supposed to have been occasioned by this man. In fact, every theft that was committed was ascribed to him; a cask of pork was stolen from the millhouse, the upper part of which was accessible, and, the sentinels who had the charge of that building being tried and acquitted, the theft was fixed upon Caesar, or some of the vagabonds who were in the woods, the number of whom at this time amounted to six or eight.[7]
Death
editOn 15 February 1796 James Winbow and another man tracked Caesar down at Liberty Plains. According to David Collins, "This man and another, allured by the reward, had been for some days in quest of him [Caesar]. Finding his haunt, they concealed themselves all night at the edge of a brush which they perceived him enter at dusk. In the morning he came out, when, looking round him and seeing his danger, he presented his musket; but before he could pull the trigger Winbow fired and shot him."[7][12][11]
Caesar was taken to the hut of Thomas Rose where he died of his wounds.[13][14] Collins write, "Thus ended a man, who certainly, during his life, could never have been estimated at more than one remove above the brute, and who had given more trouble than any other convict in the settlement."[7]
Caesar was survived by his daughter, Mary Ann Fisher Power.
In popular culture
editCaesar appears as a character in Thomas Keneally's novel The Playmaker.
Mohamed Osman portrayed Caesar in the SBS docudrama Our African Roots.[15]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b "To-day's True Short Story". The Manning River Times and Advocate for the Northern Coast Districts of New South Wales. Vol. 82. 13 May 1950. p. 5. Retrieved 5 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b c "First Fleet". firstfleet.uow.edu.au. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cunneen, Chris; Gillen, Mollie (2005). "John Black Caesar". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cheek 2018, p. 1.
- ^ "John Caesar". Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
- ^ Sparrow, Jeff (17 June 2006). "Black Founders: The Unknown Story of Australia's First Black Settlers". The Age. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Collins, David (1798). "An Account of The English Colony in New South Wales Volume One". Project Gutenberg.
- ^ "HISTORY OF PARRAMATTA AND DISTRICT". The Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers' Advocate. Vol. XI, no. 685. New South Wales. 16 September 1899. p. 11. Retrieved 5 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Vincent Smith, Keith (1 November 2012). "Australia's oldest murder mystery". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ "HISTORY OF THE BUSHRANGERS". Truth. No. 1805. Brisbane. 28 October 1934. p. 24. Retrieved 5 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b Cheek 2018, p. 2.
- ^ "TO-DAY". Evening News. No. 11, 459. New South Wales. 3 March 1904. p. 2. Retrieved 5 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "THE FIRST GREAT BUSHRANGER". The Australian Star. No. 2717. New South Wales. 17 October 1896. p. 7. Retrieved 5 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "When New South Wales Declared War On One Man". The World's News. No. 1816. New South Wales. 30 September 1936. p. 22. Retrieved 5 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Webb, Carolyn (24 September 2021). "Australia's first bushranger - he may not be who you think". The Age. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
Sources
edit- Cheek, Kimberly (31 January 2018). "Caesar, John ( Black Caesar )". Oxford African American Studies Center. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.73395. Retrieved 16 November 2024.