John Daniel Norton (born 1953) is an Australian philosopher of physics and distinguished professor of the history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh.
John Daniel Norton | |
|---|---|
 Norton at the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning | |
| Born | 1953 |
| Alma mater | University of New South Wales |
| Known for | Norton's dome |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Philosophy of physics |
| Institutions | University of Pittsburgh |
| Thesis | The Historical Foundation of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (1981) |
| Doctoral advisor | John Saunders |
| Website | www |
Biography
editHe had originally studied chemical engineering at the University of New South Wales (1971–1974). After working at the Shell Oil Refinery at Clyde, Sydney for two years, he decided to switch fields, beginning doctoral studies in the School of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of New South Wales (1978–1981). His dissertation was titled "The Historical Foundation of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity." After finishing his dissertation, he worked at the Princeton University Press on the Einstein Papers Project (1982–1983) under the direction of John Stachel. From 1983 until the present, he has been in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh, first as a visiting faculty member, then (from 1997) as a full professor, serving as Chair of the department from 2000 to 2005. He is currently Director of the Center for Philosophy of Science.[2][3]
Norton is considered an authority on the science of Albert Einstein and the philosophy of science. He has published on general relativity, special relativity, the relationship between thermodynamics and information processing, quantum physics, and the genesis of scientific theories. He is well known for his analysis of Einstein's "Zurich Notebook", a small, brown notebook which contains Einstein's private day-to-day calculations during a critical period (1912–1913) in his development of general relativity.[4] The trio of Einstein scholars, John Norton, John Stachel, and John Earman, have sometimes been jokingly referred to as John3 = John Norton × John Stachel × John Earman.[5]
A central theme of his work on Einstein is that Einstein's fundamental contributions to the "old" quantum theory have been largely forgotten because of his well-known criticism of the "new" quantum mechanics and its statistical interpretation. In the field of information science, Norton has criticized the claim by Rolf Landauer and others that schemes exist whereby digital computers can store data in a logically and physically reversible manner that, until the data are erased, represent an apparent violation of the second law of thermodynamics.[6][7] [note 1] In the philosophical debate about thought experiments, Norton has taken the position that all thought experiments (without exception) can be reconstructed as straightforward arguments.[9]
Norton's name is also attached to Norton's dome, a thought experiment showing nondeterminism in Newtonian physics.
Notes
edit- ^ In 1982, Charles H. Bennett proposed a re-interpretation of Maxwell's demon, attributing its inability to break the second law of thermodynamics to the cost of destroying, rather than acquiring, information.[8] Rolf Landauer extended Bennett's proposal to argue for the possibility of reversible computational processes.
References
edit- ^ Homepage
- ^ "John Norton: Approximation and Idealization". The Rotman Institute of Philosophy. Western University - Canada. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Brief History, page 2". Center for the Philosophy of Science. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Understanding Einstein's greatest discovery". Penn State Science. The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ Norton, John D. "The Hole Argument". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "John Norton". The Information Philosopher. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013.
- ^ Norton, John D. (2013). "The End of the Thermodynamics of Computation: A No-Go Result" (PDF). Philosophy of Science. 80 (5): 1182–1192. doi:10.1086/673714. S2CID 14060542. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ Bennett, C. H. (1982). "The thermodynamics of computation—a review". International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 21 (12): 905–940. Bibcode:1982IJTP...21..905B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.655.5610. doi:10.1007/BF02084158. S2CID 17471991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2013.
- ^ Fehige, Yiftach; Stuart, Michael T. (2014). "Thought Experiments in Science: Four Blind Spots (Introduction)" (PDF). Perspectives on Science. 22 (2): 167–178. doi:10.1162/POSC_e_00126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.