Juanillo (fl. 1597 - died May 1598) was a chief of the Native American Tolomato people in the Guale chiefdom, in what is now the US state of Georgia. In September 1597, Juanillo led the so-called Gualean Revolt, or Juanillo's Revolt,[1] against the cultural oppression of the indigenous population in Florida by the Spanish authorities and the Franciscan missionaries. This was the first and longest-lasting Guale rebellion in La Florida, and ended with the execution of Juanillo by a group of Native American allies of the Spanish, led by Chief Asao.
Juanillo | |
|---|---|
| Died | May 1598 Guale, Georgia, United States |
| Occupation | Tribal chief of the Native American Tolomato people in the chiefdom of Guale |
Biography
editJuanillo was mico, or chieftain, of the Tolomato, and heir to the chiefdom of Guale (clan organization was matrilineal).[2][3][4] After the arrival of the Spanish colonizers in Florida, some chiefs of the Guale tribe, whose vast territory stretched from the Altamaha River to what is now Port Royal, were concerned about the spread of Christianity. Their grievances under the administration of the Spanish governor, Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, included the Franciscan missionaries forbidding the Indian practices of polygamy, divorce, dancing, games, and tribal wars. These proscriptions weakened his people, according to Juanillo, making them lose their courage and skill.
Juanillo's hatred of the Spanish missionaries was so intense that on the morning of September 13, 1597, his warriors killed the Franciscan Friar Corpa at the Tolomato mission.[5] Juanillo's men beheaded Corpa and placed his head on a spike. The next day Juanillo called on the chiefs of the other Native American groups who were being expelled from their lands by the Spanish, and incited them to kill missionaries living in the region. The rebellion spread throughout the province of Guale, with most of the missions there attacked by the Indians and five Franciscans killed.[6]
News of the rebellion reached St. Augustine in early October. De Canço, who was sick in bed, got up and organized a relief expedition that he led himself.[7] The Indians in Guale were burning churches and maiming and killing missionaries. Unable to catch the Indian rebels, de Canço had to content himself with burning their villages and destroying their crops.[8] He took one prisoner who told him about the death of the friar.
In May 1598, de Canço rescued the only missionary survivor of the Juanillo massacre, Friar Francisco Dávila, who had been enslaved by the Indians in the town of Tulufina,[4] not far from Tolomato.[9] De Canço's troops suppressed the rebellion, which ended decisively when an expedition of Indian allies of the Spanish, led by the mico (chief) of Asao, attacked Juanillo's stronghold in the stockaded town of Yfusinique, killing him with 24 of his main supporters.[10][11] Their deaths brought a temporary peace to Florida.
After the revolt
editIn May 1600, a delegation of Guale chiefs went to St. Augustine to swear obedience to King Philip III in the presence of Governor de Canço.[12] He accepted their submission on certain conditions, above all that they must suppress any uprisings against the Spanish (others sources, however, indicate that the rebellion was actually suppressed by his successor, Pedro de Ibarra, who treated the indigenous peoples with kindness; his approach was successful in brokering the peace essential to the colony's development).[13] In 1603, de Canço visited the Guale territory in order to assess the loyalty of the Indians and in order to receive new oaths of allegiance from them.
References
edit- ^ Spencer C. Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (30 September 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 954. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale. University of Georgia Press. 1987. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8203-1712-0.
- ^ Four Arrows (Don Trent Jacobs) (1 January 2010). Unlearning the Language of Conquest: Scholars Expose Anti-Indianism in America. University of Texas Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-292-77967-9.
- ^ a b David Hurst Thomas (1 April 2011). St. Catherines: An Island in Time. University of Georgia Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8203-3967-2.
- ^ Bruce Elliott Johansen (1 January 1999). The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-313-30623-5.
- ^ J. Michael Francis; Kathleen M. Kole; David Hurst Thomas (3 August 2011). "Murder and Martyrdom in Spanish Florida: Don Juan and the Guale uprising of 1597". Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 95. American Museum of Natural History: 124. doi:10.5531/sp.anth.0095. hdl:2246/6123.
- ^ Alonso Gregorio de Escobedo (1963). Pirates, Indians and Spaniards: Father Escobedo's La Florida. Great Outdoors Publishing Company. p. 41.
- ^ Amy Turner Bushnell (1987). David Hurst Thomas (ed.). Situado and Sabana: Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History: The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, No. 74. Vol. 68. University of Georgia Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-8203-1712-0.
- ^ Martínez Rivas, José Ramón, García Carbajos , Rogelio; and Estrada Luis, Secundino (1992). Historia de una emigración: asturianos a América, 1492-1599 (in Spanish: History of an emigration: Asturians in Americas). Oviedo.
- ^ John Reed Swanton (1922). Early history of the Creek Indians and their neighbors. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 88–89.
- ^ Eloy J. Gallegos (1 January 1998). Santa Elena: Spanish Settlements on the Atlantic Seaboard from Florida to Virginia, 1513 to 1607. Villagra Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-1-882194-34-6.
- ^ John E. Worth (1998). The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida: Assimilation. University Press of Florida. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8130-1574-3.
- ^ Vascos en el descubrimiento, exploración y conquista de La Florida (Basques in the discovery, exploration and conquest of Florida), by Gorka Rosain Unda.