The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election . The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies ,[ 2] Spanish Constitution of 1978 . Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law , needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales .[ 3]
Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage , which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish : Voto rogado ) which was abolished in 2022.[ 4] [ 5] D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation , with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting .[ 3] [ 6] [ 7] district magnitude .[ 8]
The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry , coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[ 6] [ 7]
2023 general election
edit
Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
79,715
45.64
+11.41
2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
62,322
35.68
+0.83
2 ±0
Vox (Vox)
17,056
9.77
–1.69
0
±0
Unite (Sumar)1
11,470
6.57
–3.30
0
±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2
723
0.41
–0.25
0
±0
Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB)
608
0.35
+0.09
0
±0
Workers' Front (FO)
295
0.17
New
0
±0
Seniors in Action (3e)
286
0.16
New
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
232
0.13
–0.05
0
±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)
224
0.13
–0.03
0
±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)
124
0.07
–0.12
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,608
0.92
–0.15
Total
174,663
4
±0
Valid votes
174,663
98.71
+0.27
Invalid votes
2,282
1.29
–0.27
Votes cast / turnout
176,945
70.19
–3.23
Abstentions
75,146
29.81
+3.23
Registered voters
252,091
Sources[ 9]
November 2019 general election
edit
Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
57,485
34.85
+3.16
2 ±0
People's Party (PP)
56,450
34.23
+7.72
2 +1
Vox (Vox)
18,908
11.46
+2.47
0
±0
United We Can (Podemos –IU )
16,273
9.87
–1.93
0
±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)
11,673
7.08
–10.72
0
–1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)
1,096
0.66
–0.11
0
±0
Blank Seats (EB)
425
0.26
+0.05
0
±0
Zero Cuts –Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)
307
0.19
+0.04
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
297
0.18
+0.07
0
±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)
263
0.16
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,757
1.07
+0.26
Total
164,934
4
±0
Valid votes
164,934
98.44
–0.19
Invalid votes
2,615
1.56
+0.19
Votes cast / turnout
167,549
66.96
–6.42
Abstentions
82,664
33.04
+6.42
Registered voters
250,213
Sources[ 10]
April 2019 general election
edit
Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
57,307
31.69
+7.40
2 +1
People's Party (PP)
47,947
26.51
–16.10
1 –1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)
32,181
17.80
+3.82
1 +1
United We Can (Podemos –IU –Equo )
21,331
11.80
–4.83
0
–1
Vox (Vox)
16,255
8.99
+8.78
0
±0
Riojan Party (PR+)
2,098
1.16
New
0
±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)
1,394
0.77
–0.01
0
±0
Blank Seats (EB)
385
0.21
+0.03
0
±0
Zero Cuts –Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)
275
0.15
–0.03
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
199
0.11
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,460
0.81
+0.10
Total
180,832
4
±0
Valid votes
180,832
98.63
–0.27
Invalid votes
2,512
1.37
+0.27
Votes cast / turnout
183,344
73.38
+2.76
Abstentions
66,495
26.62
–2.76
Registered voters
249,839
Sources[ 10]
2016 general election
edit
Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
73,708
42.61
+4.27
2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
42,010
24.29
+0.60
1 ±0
United We Can (Podemos –IU –Equo )1
28,772
16.63
–3.40
1 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)
24,180
13.98
–1.15
0
±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)
1,350
0.78
+0.12
0
±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)
425
0.25
–0.52
0
±0
Vox (Vox)
366
0.21
New
0
±0
Zero Cuts –Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)
312
0.18
–0.02
0
±0
Blank Seats (EB)
304
0.18
–0.02
0
±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)
250
0.14
+0.01
0
±0
Rioja Southern Territory–Navarrese Freedom (HRTS–Ln)
80
0.05
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,225
0.71
–0.13
Total
172,982
4
±0
Valid votes
172,982
98.90
+0.05
Invalid votes
1,931
1.10
–0.05
Votes cast / turnout
174,913
70.62
–1.81
Abstentions
72,757
29.38
+1.81
Registered voters
247,670
Sources[ 10]
2015 general election
edit
Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
67,941
38.34
–16.36
2 –1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
41,973
23.69
–7.40
1 ±0
We Can (Podemos)
28,073
15.84
New
1 +1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)
26,812
15.13
New
0
±0
United Left –Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC)
7,423
4.19
–0.21
0
±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)
1,361
0.77
–5.19
0
±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)
1,177
0.66
+0.21
0
±0
Blank Seats (EB)
362
0.20
–0.36
0
±0
Zero Cuts –Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)
360
0.20
New
0
±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)
229
0.13
–0.09
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,496
0.84
–0.77
Total
177,207
4
±0
Valid votes
177,207
98.85
+0.43
Invalid votes
2,062
1.15
–0.43
Votes cast / turnout
179,269
72.43
–0.35
Abstentions
68,238
27.57
+0.35
Registered voters
247,507
Sources[ 10]
2011 general election
edit
Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
95,124
54.70
+5.19
3 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
54,066
31.09
–12.54
1 –1
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)
10,367
5.96
+4.68
0
±0
United Left : Plural Left (IU)
7,995
4.60
+2.66
0
±0
Equo (Equo)
1,626
0.93
New
0
±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)
779
0.45
New
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
686
0.39
+0.27
0
±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)
380
0.22
+0.14
0
±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)
94
0.05
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
2,793
1.61
+0.51
Total
173,910
4
±0
Valid votes
173,910
98.42
–0.88
Invalid votes
2,797
1.58
+0.88
Votes cast / turnout
176,707
72.78
–6.51
Abstentions
66,093
27.22
+6.51
Registered voters
242,800
Sources[ 10]
2008 general election
edit
Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
93,104
49.51
–0.43
2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
82,032
43.63
–0.34
2 ±0
United Left (IU)
3,647
1.94
–0.82
0
±0
Riojan Party (PR)
2,837
1.51
New
0
±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)
2,405
1.28
New
0
±0
The Greens (Verdes)
853
0.45
New
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
221
0.12
New
0
±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD)
214
0.11
New
0
±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)
150
0.08
New
0
±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)
102
0.05
New
0
±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)
72
0.04
–0.19
0
±0
National Democracy (DN)
72
0.04
–0.03
0
±0
Spanish Alternative (AES)
61
0.03
New
0
±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)
60
0.03
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
48
0.03
New
0
±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)
39
0.02
New
0
±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000)
37
0.02
New
0
±0
Carlist Party (PC)
11
0.01
–0.02
0
±0
Blank ballots
2,068
1.10
–0.97
Total
188,033
4
±0
Valid votes
188,033
99.30
+0.08
Invalid votes
1,328
0.70
–0.08
Votes cast / turnout
189,361
79.29
–0.17
Abstentions
49,447
20.71
+0.17
Registered voters
238,808
Sources[ 10]
2004 general election
edit
Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
92,441
49.94
–4.16
2 –1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
81,390
43.97
+9.10
2 +1
United Left (IU)
5,115
2.76
–1.26
0
±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)
926
0.50
New
0
±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)
434
0.23
New
0
±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
272
0.15
+0.07
0
±0
Republican Left (IR)
253
0.14
New
0
±0
The Phalanx (FE)
154
0.08
+0.02
0
±0
National Democracy (DN)
123
0.07
New
0
±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR)
101
0.05
New
0
±0
Carlist Party (PC)
63
0.03
±0.00
0
±0
Blank ballots
3,827
2.07
+0.15
Total
185,099
4
±0
Valid votes
185,099
99.22
–0.02
Invalid votes
1,446
0.78
+0.02
Votes cast / turnout
186,545
79.46
+5.25
Abstentions
48,231
20.54
–5.25
Registered voters
234,776
Sources[ 10]
2000 general election
edit
Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
91,810
54.10
+4.69
3 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party –Progressives (PSOE–p)
59,171
34.87
–1.78
1 –1
United Left (IU)
6,830
4.02
–4.69
0
±0
Riojan Party (PR)
6,155
3.63
+0.23
0
±0
The Greens (Verdes)
1,709
1.01
New
0
±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)
139
0.08
New
0
±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS)
131
0.08
–0.18
0
±0
Movement for Humanist Socialism (MASH)
121
0.07
New
0
±0
The Phalanx (FE)
104
0.06
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
79
0.05
New
0
±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)
79
0.05
New
0
±0
Carlist Party (PC)
56
0.03
New
0
±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000)
46
0.03
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
3,265
1.92
+0.45
Total
169,695
4
±0
Valid votes
169,695
99.24
–0.16
Invalid votes
1,302
0.76
+0.16
Votes cast / turnout
170,997
74.21
–6.71
Abstentions
59,430
25.79
+6.71
Registered voters
230,427
Sources[ 10]
1996 general election
edit
Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
88,069
49.41
+3.15
2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
65,311
36.65
–0.95
2 ±0
United Left–La Rioja (IU)
15,530
8.71
+1.75
0
±0
Riojan Party (PR)
6,065
3.40
–1.02
0
±0
Centrist Union (UC)
472
0.26
–1.86
0
±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)
167
0.09
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
2,612
1.47
+0.22
Total
178,226
4
±0
Valid votes
178,226
99.40
–0.04
Invalid votes
1,080
0.60
+0.04
Votes cast / turnout
179,306
80.92
+0.92
Abstentions
42,277
19.08
–0.92
Registered voters
221,583
Sources[ 10]
1993 general election
edit
Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)
78,792
46.26
+5.17
2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
64,037
37.60
–2.10
2 ±0
United Left–La Rioja (IU)
11,850
6.96
+0.54
0
±0
Riojan Party (PR)
7,532
4.42
New
0
±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
3,609
2.12
–5.06
0
±0
The Greens (Verdes)
996
0.58
New
0
±0
The Ecologists (LE)
493
0.29
–0.99
0
±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group –European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)
432
0.25
–0.98
0
±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES)
142
0.08
New
0
±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)
82
0.05
New
0
±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)
76
0.04
New
0
±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)
73
0.04
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
71
0.04
New
0
±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)
0
0.00
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
2,125
1.25
+0.05
Total
170,310
4
±0
Valid votes
170,310
99.44
+0.33
Invalid votes
967
0.56
–0.33
Votes cast / turnout
171,277
80.00
+7.96
Abstentions
42,807
20.00
–7.96
Registered voters
214,084
Sources[ 10]
1989 general election
edit
Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
People's Party (PP)1
60,737
41.09
+1.87
2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
58,678
39.70
–4.22
2 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
10,620
7.18
–2.90
0
±0
United Left (IU)
9,495
6.42
+4.42
0
±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE)
1,893
1.28
New
0
±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos)
1,823
1.23
New
0
±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)
848
0.57
New
0
±0
Social Democratic Coalition (CSD)
769
0.52
New
0
±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2
679
0.46
–0.57
0
±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)
271
0.18
New
0
±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)
220
0.15
–0.10
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,775
1.20
+0.28
Total
147,808
4
±0
Valid votes
147,808
99.11
+1.07
Invalid votes
1,326
0.89
–1.07
Votes cast / turnout
149,134
72.04
–2.27
Abstentions
57,875
27.96
+2.27
Registered voters
207,009
Sources[ 10]
1986 general election
edit
Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
65,151
43.92
+0.47
2 ±0
People's Coalition (AP –PDP –PL )1
58,177
39.22
–2.31
2 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
14,953
10.08
+6.38
0
±0
United Left (IU)2
2,961
2.00
+0.40
0
±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD)
2,824
1.90
New
0
±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC)
1,531
1.03
New
0
±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)
524
0.35
+0.06
0
±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)
372
0.25
New
0
±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3
284
0.19
+0.12
0
±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC)
190
0.13
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,361
0.92
+0.22
Total
148,328
4
±0
Valid votes
148,328
98.04
+0.52
Invalid votes
2,968
1.96
–0.52
Votes cast / turnout
151,296
74.31
–9.79
Abstentions
52,308
25.69
+9.79
Registered voters
203,604
Sources[ 10]
1982 general election
edit
Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
67,781
43.45
+14.32
2 +1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (AP –PDP )1
64,778
41.53
+27.66
2 +2
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)
11,545
7.40
–40.64
0
–3
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
5,774
3.70
New
0
±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)
2,491
1.60
–1.97
0
±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)
902
0.58
New
0
±0
New Force (FN)2
669
0.43
–0.73
0
±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)
445
0.29
New
0
±
Carlist Party (PC)
224
0.14
–0.29
0
±0
Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC)
184
0.12
New
0
±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))
116
0.07
New
0
±0
Riojan Left Coordinator (CIR)
0
0.00
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
1,086
0.70
+0.12
Total
155,995
100.00
4
±0
Valid votes
155,995
97.52
–1.25
Invalid votes
3,971
2.48
+1.25
Votes cast / turnout
159,966
84.10
+10.79
Abstentions
30,238
15.90
–10.79
Registered voters
190,204
Sources[ 10]
1979 general election
edit
Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Logroño
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)
64,735
48.04
+6.69
3 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1
39,245
29.13
+0.52
1 ±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2
18,686
13.87
–0.60
0
–1
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)
4,810
3.57
+0.78
0
±0
National Union (UN)
1,569
1.16
New
0
±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)3
1,546
1.15
–0.29
0
±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)4
1,053
0.78
+0.05
0
±0
Communist Movement –Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC)
982
0.73
New
0
±0
Carlist Party (PC)
583
0.43
New
0
±0
Republican Left (IR)
462
0.34
New
0
±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR)
274
0.20
New
0
±0
Proverist Party (PPr)
148
0.11
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
646
0.48
+0.12
Total
134,739
4
±0
Valid votes
134,739
98.77
+0.74
Invalid votes
1,680
1.23
–0.74
Votes cast / turnout
136,419
73.31
–10.76
Abstentions
49,678
26.69
+10.76
Registered voters
186,097
Sources[ 10]
1977 general election
edit
Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Logroño
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)
56,917
41.35
n/a 2 n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
36,186
26.29
n/a
1 n/a
People's Alliance (AP)
19,925
14.47
n/a
1 n/a
Riojan Independent Candidacy (CIR)
5,682
4.13
n/a
0
n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)
3,846
2.79
n/a
0
n/a
Federation of Christian Democracy (FPD –ID )
3,593
2.61
n/a
0
n/a
People's Socialist Party –Socialist Unity (PSP–US)
3,188
2.32
n/a
0
n/a
Riojan Independent Group (GIR)
2,399
1.74
n/a
0
n/a
Workers' Electoral Group (AET)
1,986
1.44
n/a
0
n/a
Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI)
1,936
1.41
n/a
0
n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI)
1,006
0.73
n/a
0
n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A))
639
0.46
n/a
0
n/a
Blank ballots
356
0.26
n/a
Total
137,659
4
n/a
Valid votes
137,659
98.03
n/a
Invalid votes
2,770
1.97
n/a
Votes cast / turnout
140,429
84.07
n/a
Abstentions
26,601
15.93
n/a
Registered voters
167,030
Sources[ 10]
^ "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF) . Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN 0212-033X .^ Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política (Law 1) (in Spanish). 4 January 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2016 .^ a b Constitución Española (in Spanish). 29 December 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2016 .^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote" . cafebabel.co.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Araque Conde, Pilar (8 June 2022). "El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero" . Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2022 . ^ a b Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 14 December 2019 .^ a b Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5) (in Spanish). 19 June 1985. Retrieved 30 January 2020 .^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems" . Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF) . Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X .^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" . Ministry of the Interior . Retrieved 15 April 2022 .
42°15′N 2°30′W / 42.250°N 2.500°W / 42.250; -2.500
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319,892 (2022)[1]