Lake Rotokākahi or Green Lake, is one of four small lakes lying between Lake Rotorua and Lake Tarawera in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. The others are Lake Tikitapu (Blue Lake), Lake Ōkāreka, and Lake Ōkataina. All lie within the Ōkataina Caldera, along its western edge.
| Lake Rotokākahi Green Lake | |
|---|---|
 Lake Rotokākahi | |
 | |
  Lake Rotokākahi Green Lake | |
| Location | Bay of Plenty, North Island |
| Coordinates | 38°13′S 176°20′E / 38.217°S 176.333°E |
| Type | crater lake |
| Primary outflows | Wairoa Steam |
| Catchment area | 27.3 km2 (10.5 sq mi)[1]: 56 |
| Basin countries | New Zealand |
| Max. length | 4.3 km (2.7 mi)[2] |
| Max. width | 1.7 km (1.1 mi)[2] |
| Surface area | 4.3 km2 (1.7 sq mi)[1]: 53 |
| Average depth | 17.7 m (58 ft)[2] |
| Max. depth | 32.0 m (105.0 ft)[2] |
| Surface elevation | 394.9 m (1,296 ft)[1]: 24 |
| Islands | Punaruku Island, Motutawa Island |
| References | [1][2] |
Geography
editThe lake flows to Lake Tarawera via the Wairoa Stream (also known as Te Wairoa) past the buried Te Wairoa village and its Wairere waterfall.[1]: 52 [3] The Wairoa Stream when it leaves Lake Rotokākahi has a mean flow rate of 310.6 L/s (10.97 cu ft/s) but it picks up subsurface water and tributaries so when it enters Lake Tarawera it has a mean flow rate of 347 L/s (12.3 cu ft/s).[1]: 25 From the air the lake looks emerald green related to its shallow, sandy bottom. The lake is 394 m (1,293 ft)[2] above sea level and 24 m (79 ft)[2][1]: 24 below the level of the neighbouring Lake Tikitapu to its north. Its eastern arm is separated from Lake Tikitapu by a lava dam generated during a rhyolitic eruption, at the south-western margins of the Ōkataina Caldera now dated at 15,635 ± 412 cal.yr BP,.[4]: 15 It contains a small island in its western arm, Punaruku Island and its southern arm has a larger island Motutawa Island.[1]: 52 While the catchment flows into the Tarawera River watershed in due course, the south-western aspect of the lake is only a very short distance from the Waikato River watershed.[1]: 52
Ecology
editIt is named for its abundance of kākahi (freshwater mussels).[5][6]
The lake had brown trout introduced in the 1870s. Rainbow trout were introduced later.[5]: 60
The lake is classified as mesotrophic,[5]: 10 with moderate productivity and water quality, but has not been assessed recently.[7] Its trophic level index was 3.6 in 2014 which was a decline and relatively high for a local lake.[1]: 5 This may be because 26.3% of its catchment was pasture in 2007.[5]: 10
History
editThe main tribe occupying the Lake Rotokakahi area at the time of European settlement were the Tuhourangi/Ngati Tumatawera, who had migrated from the Rotoiti area following various feuds with neighbouring tribes.[5]: 59 During early European settlement Kaiteriria on the southern lake shore was a base for armed constabulary.[5]: 60 The lake has been under the authority of the Te Arawa iwi, Tūhourangi and Ngati Tumatawera since 1948, when there was disturbance of the tapu,[5]: ii, 61 and remains largely undisturbed[8]
Motutawa
editThis small island in the lake is notable as the site of the 1822 slaughter of a part of Ngāpuhi, as an act of vengeance for relatives killed by the same Ngapuhi warriors in Te Totara, Thames.[5]: 59 This led to the revenge raid of Hongi Hika in 1823.[5]: 59 The island was the main historic stronghold of Tuhourangi/Ngati Wahiao,[5]: 59 and tradition has it as the resting place of the bones of Hinemoa.[5]: 62
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "tawa tree island" for Motutawa.[6]
Images
edit-
Aerial view (Lake Tarawera is in the upper right) -
View of Lake Rotokākahi February 2018 -
View of Lake Rotokākahi 2012 -
View of Lake Rotokākahi June 2011 -
1908 view of stream running into Lake Rotokākahi -
View of Lake Rotokākahi from Kaitereria Village in 1881 by Charles Blomfield
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References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j White, P; Toews, M; Tschritter, C; Lovett, A (2016). "Nitrogen discharge from the groundwater system to lakes and streams in the greater Lake Tarawera catchment GNS Science Consultancy Report 20151108" (PDF). Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lowe, D.J.; Green, J.D. (1987). Viner, A.B. (ed.). Inland waters of New Zealand. Wellington: DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre. pp. 471–474. ISBN 0-477-06799-9.
- ^ "NZ Topo pMap:Wairere Falls, Bay of Plenty". Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ Lowe, David; Ilanko, Tehnuka (2023). "Pre-conference tephra data workshop – Hands-on session II: tephra excursion, Okareka Loop Road (29 January 2023)". University of Waikato. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Butterworth, Joseph (2008). Lake Rotokakahi - The kakahi (Hyridella menziesi) in a general framework of lake health MS thesis (PDF) (Thesis). University of Waikato.
- ^ a b "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
- ^ "Lake Rotokakahi". Land, Air, Water Aotearoa (LAWA). Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- ^ "Lake Rotokakahi 2008 Report Card" Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, Environment Bay of Plenty website