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Lavochkin La-5

The Lavochkin La-5 (Лавочкин Ла-5) was a Soviet fighter aircraft of World War II. It was a development and refinement of the LaGG-3, replacing the earlier model's inline engine with the much more powerful Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engine. During its time in service, it was one of the Soviet Air Force's most capable types of warplane, able to fight German designs on almost equal footing.

La-5
Lavochkin La-5F
General information
TypeFighter aircraft
National originSoviet Union
ManufacturerLavochkin
Designer
Primary userSoviet Air Force
Number built9,920
History
Introduction dateJuly 1942
First flightMarch 1942
Developed fromLaGG-3
Developed intoLavochkin La-7

Development

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Replica of Capt. Georgii Dmitrievich Kostylev's La-5 of the 4th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, White 15 that served in Leningrad 1943, at the Museum of the Great Patriotic War in Moscow, 2005.

The La-5 descended from the LaGG-1 and LaGG-3, aircraft designed by Vladimir Gorbunov before the Second World War. The LaGG-1 was underpowered, and the LaGG-3 - with a lighter airframe and a stronger engine did not solve the problem. By early 1942, the LaGG-3's shortcomings led to Lavochkin falling out of Joseph Stalin's favour, and LaGG-3 factories converting to Yakovlev Yak-1 and Yak-7 production.

During the winter of 1941–1942, Lavochkin worked unofficially to improve the LaGG-3. Design work was conducted in a small hut beside an airfield. In early 1942, Gorbunov replaced a LaGG-3's inline engine with the stronger Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engine. The nose was replaced with the nose of the ASh-82-powered Sukhoi Su-2. The new engine required work to maintain the aircraft's balance. The prototype first flew in March, and demonstrated surprisingly acceptable performance; air force test pilots considered it to be superior to the Yak-7, and intensive flight tests began in April. The aircraft was named LaG-5; the change from LaGG was because Mikhail Gudkov, one of the original LaGG designers, was no longer with the programme. By July, it was called La-5, although Gorbunov was still involved.

By July, the La-5 was ordered into full production, including the conversion of incomplete LaGG-3 airframes. Production based on the prototype began almost immediately in factories in Moscow and the Yaroslav region. Changes to the main production model included slats to improve all-round performance. The La-5 was inferior to the best German fighters at higher altitudes, but equal at lower altitudes; it was suitable for air combat over the Eastern Front which typically took place at altitudes under 5,000 m (16,404 ft).

The aircraft received further modifications. The La-5F improved the pilot's exterior visibility with a cut down rear fuselage. The definitive La-5FN had a fuel-injected engine, a different engine air intake, and was further lightened. A full circle turn took 18–19 seconds. Very late-production La-5FN had two 20mm Berezin B-20 cannon installed in the cowling in place of the heavier two 20mm ShVAK; both were capable of a salvo weight of 3.4 kg/s.

9,920 La-5s of all variants were built, including dedicated trainer versions, designated La-5UTI.

The La-5 was the basis for the further improved Lavochkin La-7.

A number of La-5s continued in the service of Eastern Bloc nations after the end of the war, including Czechoslovakia.

Performance

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In mid-1943, a new La-5 was captured by the Germans after making a forced landing at a German airfield. The aircraft was assessed by Luftwaffe test pilot Hans-Werner Lerche.[1] Lerche noted that the La-5FN excelled at altitudes below 3,000 m (9,843 ft) but suffered from short range and flight time of only 40 minutes at cruise engine power. All of the engine controls (throttle, mixture, propeller pitch, cowl flaps, and supercharger gearbox) had separate levers which forced the pilot to make constant adjustments during combat or risk suboptimal performance. For example, rapid acceleration required moving no less than six levers. In contrast, contemporary German aircraft with the BMW 801 used the Kommandogerät engine computer system that automatically controlled all of these settings from a single throttle lever. Due to airflow limitations, the engine boost system (Forsazh) could not be used above 2,000 m (6,562 ft). Stability in all axes was generally good. The authority of the ailerons was deemed exceptional but the rudder was insufficiently powerful at lower speeds. At speeds in excess of 600 km/h (370 mph), the forces on control surfaces became excessive. Horizontal turn time at 1,000 m (3,281 ft) and maximum engine power was 25 seconds.

The La-5's top speed and acceleration were comparable to Luftwaffe fighters at low altitude. The La-5FN roll rate was slightly higher than the Messerschmitt Bf 109; the Bf 109 was slightly faster, and had higher climb and turn rates.[2] The La-5FN climbed slightly faster and had a smaller turn radius than the Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8. However, the Fw 190A-8 was faster at all altitudes and had significantly better dive performance and a superior roll-rate. Lerche advised Fw 190 pilots to draw the La-5FN to higher altitudes, escape attacks by diving followed by a high-speed shallow climb, and avoid prolonged turning engagements.

The most serious La-5 defects were the engine's thermal isolation, lack of cockpit ventilation, and a canopy that was impossible to open at speeds over 350 km/h. Furthermore, poor engine compartment insulation allowed exhaust gas to enter the cockpit; in response, pilots frequently ignored orders by flying with open canopies.[3]

Soviet pilots were generally satisfied with the La-5. "That was an excellent fighter with two cannons and a powerful air-cooled engine", recalled pilot Viktor M. Sinaisky. "The first La-5s from the Tbilisi factory were slightly inferior, while the last ones from the Gorki plant, which came to us from Ivanovo, were perfect. At first we received regular La-5s, but then we got new ones containing the ASh-82FN engine with direct injection of fuel into the cylinders. It was perfected and had better maneuverability, acceleration, speed and climb rate compared to the early variants. Everyone was in love with the La-5. It was easy to maintain, too."[4]

Nevertheless, La-5 losses were high, the highest of all fighters in service in USSR, excepting those of the Yak-1. In 1941–45, VVS KA lost 2,591 La-5s: 73 in 1942, 1,460 in 1943, 825 the following year, and 233 in 1945.[5]

  •  
    La-5
  •  
    La-5F
  •  
    La-5FN
  •  
    La-5 on Russian stamp

Operational history

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The La-5F arrived at the frontline in February 1943. It was able to challenge the Bf 109G-2 and the Fw 190A-4 on more or less equal terms, while at tree-top height it was even faster. One of the most successful La-5 units was 5th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, that flew 3,802 combat sorties, claiming 128 enemy aircraft shot down while losing 52 Lavochkins.[6]

Operators

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  Czechoslovakia
  Mongolia
  Poland
  Soviet Union

Surviving aircraft

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An La-5 wreck is in storage at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[7]

Specifications (Lavochkin La-5FN)

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Lavochkin La-5

Data from Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950,[8] Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[9]

General characteristics

  • Crew: One
  • Length: 8.67 m (28 ft 5 in)
  • Wingspan: 9.8 m (32 ft 2 in)
  • Height: 2.54 m (8 ft 4 in)
  • Wing area: 17.5 m2 (188 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 23016; tip: NACA 23010[10]
  • Empty weight: 2,706 kg (5,966 lb)
  • Gross weight: 3,168 kg (6,984 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 3,402 kg (7,500 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 345 kg (761 lb) fuel + 50 kg (110 lb) oil
  • Powerplant: 1 × Shvetsov M-82FN 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,460 kW (1,960 hp)
  • Propellers: 3-bladed constant-speed propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 648 km/h (403 mph, 350 kn) at 6,250 m (20,510 ft)
583 km/h (362 mph; 315 kn) at sea level
  • Landing speed: 138 km/h (86 mph; 75 kn)
  • Range: 765 km (475 mi, 413 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 16.7 m/s (3,290 ft/min)
  • Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 5 minutes 12 seconds
  • Wing loading: 181 kg/m2 (37 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.461 kW/kg (0.280 hp/lb)
  • Max rate turn: 18.5 seconds

Armament

  • Guns: 2 × 20 mm (0.787 in) ShVAK cannon with 170 rpg
  • Bombs: 2 × bombs up to 100 kg (220 lb) each

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Котлобовский, А. (Kotlobovskiy, A.) and В. Блащук, (V. Blaschuk) "Ла-5ФH с точки зрения люфтваффе (La-5FN from the viewpoint of Luftwaffe)." АэроХобби (AeroHobby), Issue 1, 1993.
  2. ^ Luftwaffe Test Pilot by Hans Werner Lerche, Page 158
  3. ^ Drabkin 2007, p. 148.
  4. ^ Drabkin 2007, p. 73.
  5. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 132.
  6. ^ Bergstrom 2019, p. 195.
  7. ^ "Lavochkin La-5 photos by Robert N. Abbott Jr". Retrieved 2004-02-27.
  8. ^ Shavrov, V.B. (1994). Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950 : Table 18 (in Russian) (gg. (3 izd.) ed.). Moscow: Mashinostroenie. ISBN 978-5-217-00477-5.
  9. ^ Bridgman 1946, p. 195.
  10. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

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  • Abanshin, Michael E. and Nina Gut. Fighting Lavochkin, Eagles of the East No.1. Lynnwood, WA: Aviation International, 1993. ISBN unknown.
  • Bergström, Christer. Bagration to Berlin – The final Air Battle in the East 1944–45. Hersham UK, Classic Publications, 2008. ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8.
  • Bergström, Christer. Black Cross – Red Star, Air War over the Eastern Front. Volume 4. Stalingrad to Kuban. Vaktel Books, 2019. ISBN 978-91-88441-21-8
  • Bergström, Christer. Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. ISBN 978-1-903223-88-8.
  • Drabkin, Artem. The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa and the Retreat to Moscow – Recollections of Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2007. ISBN 1-84415-563-3.
  • Glancey, Jonathan. Spitfire: The Illustrated Biography. London: Atlantic books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84354-528-6.
  • Gordon, Yefim. Lavochkin's Piston-Engined Fighters (Red Star Volume 10). Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-85780-151-2.
  • Gordon, Yefim and Dmitri Khazanov. Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War, Volume One: Single-Engined Fighters. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1998. ISBN 1-85780-083-4.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Soviet Air Force Fighters, Part 1. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1977. ISBN 0-354-01026-3.
  • Liss, Witold. The Lavochkin La 5 & 7 (Aircraft in Profile number 149). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1967.
  • Stapfer, Hans-Heiri. La 5/7 Fighters in Action (Aircraft in Action Number 169). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89747-392-2.
  • Stapfer, Hans-Heiri. LaGG Fighters in Action (Aircraft in Action Number 163). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1996. ISBN 0897473647
  • Valoušek, Ladislav. "Flying the 'Wooden Warrior'". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, No. 2, n.d., pp. 113–125. ISSN 0143-5450
  • Veštšík, Miloš and Jirí Vraný. Lavočkin La-5 (in Czech/English). Prague, Czech Republic: MBI Books, 2006. ISBN 80-86524-10-8.
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