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List of English words of Dravidian origin

This is a list of English words that are borrowed directly or ultimately from Dravidian languages. Dravidian languages include Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, and a number of other languages spoken mainly in South Asia. The list is by no means exhaustive.

Current distribution of Dravidian languages.

Some of the words can be traced to specific languages, but others have disputed or uncertain origins. Words of disputed or less certain origin are in the "Dravidian languages" list. Where lexicographers generally agree on a source language, the words are listed by language.

From unknown or disputed Dravidian languages

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  • Aiyo, a word used to express distress, regret and fear, perhaps from Tamil aiyō,[1] Kannada ayyo, Malayalam aiyyo(അയ്യോ) or Telugu ayyo, but perhaps from (not Dravidian) Sinhalese ayiyō.[2]
  • Betel, a leaf of a vine belonging to the family Piperaceae; from Portuguese betel, which probably comes from Tamil vettrilai (வெற்றிலை) or Malayalam vettila (വെറ്റില).[3]
  • Candy, crystallized sugar or confection made from sugar; via Persian qand, which is probably from a Dravidian language, ultimately stemming from the Sanskrit root word 'Khanda' meaning 'pieces of something'.[4]
  • Coir, cord/rope, fibre from husk of coconut; from Malayalam kayar (കയർ)[5] or Tamil kayiru (கயிறு).[6] The origin of this word cannot be conclusively attributed to Malayalam or Tamil.
  • Congee, porridge, water with rice; uncertain origin, possibly from Tamil kanji (கஞ்சி),[7] Telugu or Kannada gañji, or Malayalam kaññi (കഞ്ഞി).[citation needed] Alternatively, possibly from Gujarati,[8] which is not a Dravidian language.
  • Coolie, a labourer or slave, a South Asian person; possibly from Tamil cooli (கூலி)[9] or Malayalam kooli (കൂലി) "labour", or possibly from Koḷī "Gujarati people" in Gujarati.[10]
  • Cot, a bedstead or a portable bed; via Hindi from Sanskrit,[11] which in turn may have come from a Dravidian source such as Tamil kattil (கட்டில்)/patukkai (படுக்கை),[12] Malayalam kattil(കട്ടിൽ), or Kannada Kaata (ಕಾಟ).
  • Cowry, the shells of certain sea snails, or the snails themselves; via Hindi and Urdu from Sanskrit kaparda (कपर्द),[13] which may be related to Tamil kotu (கோது) "shell".[14]
  • Curry, a variety of dishes flavored with a spicy sauce; cognates exist in several Dravidian languages,[15] including Tamil (கறி), Malayalam (കറി), Telugu (కూర) and others.
  • Dosa, a pancake made from rice flour and ground pulses, typically served with a spiced vegetable filling. Possibly from Kannada or Tulu dōse (ದೋಸೆ),[16] from Malalayam dōśa,[17] or from other Dravidian sources.
  • Ginger, a fragrant spice; exact route from Dravidian is uncertain, but possibly from Tamil inchi (இஞ்சி) or Malayalam inchi (ഇഞ്ചി)[18]
  • Godown, synonym to warehouse; English from Malay, which in turn may have borrowed it from Telugu giḍangi or Tamil kiṭanku.[19]
  • Gunny, an inexpensive bag; from Sanskrit via Hindi and Marathi,[20] probably ultimately from a Dravidian language.[21]
  • Hot toddy, beverage made of alcoholic liquor with hot water, sugar, and spices; from Hindi tari "palm sap", probably from a Dravidian language[22]
  • Idli, a south Indian steamed cake of rice, usually served with sambhar. From Malayalam and Kannada iḍḍali.[23]
  • Jaggery, coarse brown sugar made from palm and sugarcane; via Portuguese jágara[24] probably from Malayalam chakkara/sharkkara (ചക്കര/ശർക്കര)[25] or Kannada sakkare, having its origins in Sanskrit.[26]
  • Mango, A tropical fruit; origin probably from Tamil maangaay (மாங்காய்) or Malayalam maanga (മാങ്ങ)[27][28][29][30]
  • Mongoose, a small carnivorous mammal from southern Eurasia or Africa, known for killing snakes; probably ultimately from a Dravidian language, with spelling influenced by the English word goose[31]
  • Mung, a type of bean; ultimately from Sanskrit mudga (मुद्ग), which is the name of the bean and the plant, perhaps via Tamil mūngu (முங்கு) "soak",[32] or Malayalam mudra (മുദ്ര). Alternately, perhaps from mũg (मूँग), the name of the bean in Hindi,[33] which is not a Dravidian language.
  • Orange, a citrus fruit, or a color named for the fruit; cognates exist in several Dravidian languages,[34] Tamil naaram (நாரம்) or Telugu naarinja (నారింజ) and others.
  • Pagoda, a religious building; etymology uncertain but perhaps influenced by Tamil pagavadi (பகாவடி) "house belonging to a deity".[35]
  • Pariah, a social outcast; partially from Tamil paṟaiyar (பறையர்) and partially from Malayalam paṟayan(പറയൻ), "drummer".[36]
  • Peacock, a type of bird; from Old English pawa, the earlier etymology is uncertain, but one possible source is Tamil tokei (தோகை) "peacock feather", via Latin or Greek[37]
  • Sambal, a spicy condiment; from Malay, which may have borrowed the word from a Dravidian language[38] such as Tamil (சம்பல்) or Telugu (సంబల్).
  • Teak, a tropical hardwood tree; called thekku (തേക്ക്) in Malayalam,[39] tekku (தேக்கு) in Tamil, Telugu teku, and Kannada tegu;[40] via Portuguese teca.[41]

Tamil

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Gregory James, a professor with the language center of Hong Kong university believes that more than 100 words in the Oxford English Dictionary have Tamil origin, and there could be even more.[42]

English word Tamil word Transliteration Meaning in Tamil
Cash[notes 1] காசு kācu cash, money, coin[43]
Catamaran கட்டுமரம் kattumaram tied wood[44]
Cheroot சுருட்டு suruṭṭu roll[45]
Corundum குருந்தம்/குருவிந்தம் kuruntham/kuruvintham ruby[46]
Curry கறி kari sauce, relish[47]
Mulligatawny மிளகுத்தண்ணீர் milagu-taṇṇīr pepper water[48]
Patchouli பச்சை இலை pachchai ilai green leaf[49]
Pandal பந்தல் pandhal temporary shelter[50]

Malayalam

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English word Word Transliteration Meaning in Malayalam
Areca അടയ്ക്ക aḍaykka areca nut [51]
Catechu കശൂ kaśū astringent made from acacia [52][53]
Copra കൊപ്ര kopra copra: kernel of coconut [54]
Calico കോഴിക്കോട് kōḻikkōḍŭ name of the place it originates from (Calicut) [55]
Jackfruit ചക്ക chakka jackfruit [56]

Telugu

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English word Telugu word Transliteration Meaning in Telugu
Bandicoot పందికొక్కు pandi-kokku "pig-rat"[57]
Pitta పిట్ట pitta young bird[58]

Kannada

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English word Kannada word Transliteration Meaning in Kannada
Bamboo[notes 2] ಬಂಬು baṃbu bamboo[59]
Dhole[notes 3] ತೋಳ tōḷa wolf[60]
Hijra ಹಿಜಡಾ Hijaḍā impotent man[61]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Cash in the sense of "small copper coins" entered English from Tamil via Portuguese. Cash in the sense of "ready money" as opposed to invested wealth has a separate etymology, from Latin capsa via Middle French or Old Italian.
  2. ^ The origin of bamboo is uncertain. It is thought to have entered English from Malayo-Polynesian languages, which borrowed it from Kannada.[59]
  3. ^ The origin of dhole is unknown, but some sources suggest a connection to Kannada tōḷa (ತೋಳ).[60]

References

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  1. ^ "AIYO". Lexico. Archived from the original on 2022-08-25.
  2. ^ "aiyo". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016.
  3. ^ "Betel". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  4. ^ "Candy". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  5. ^ "Coir". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  6. ^ "Coir". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  7. ^ "Congee". Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
  8. ^ "congee (n.), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/1031713626.
  9. ^ "Coolie; Define Coolie at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  10. ^ "coolie (n.), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/9875843370.
  11. ^ "cot (n.4), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/8551104118.
  12. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  13. ^ "cowry (n.), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/4018863654.
  14. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  15. ^ "Curry; Define Curry at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  16. ^ P. Thankappan Nair (2004). South Indians in Kolkata. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-50-9.
  17. ^ "Dosa Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  18. ^ Patil, Dinkarrao Amrutrao (2007). Origins of Plant Names-D.A. Patil. Daya Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7035-460-4.
  19. ^ "Define Godown at Dictionary.com". Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  20. ^ "gunny, (n.), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/3675613444.
  21. ^ "gunny". Merriam-Webster online. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  22. ^ "toddy". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  23. ^ "Idli". Oxford Dictionaries Lexico. Retrieved 2021-01-12.[dead link‍]
  24. ^ "Jaggery". Merriam Webster Dictionary.
  25. ^ "Jaggery Etymology".
  26. ^ "jaggery, (n.), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/8735564976.
  27. ^ "Mango; Define Mango at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  28. ^ "Mango". Merriam-Webster.com. 9 March 2024.
  29. ^ "mango (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
  30. ^ Achaya, K.T. (2003). The Story of Our Food. Universities Press. p. 7. ISBN 9788173712937.
  31. ^ "mongoose". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  32. ^ "Mung bean | Define Mung bean at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  33. ^ "mung (n.2), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/1105896161.
  34. ^ "orange n.1 and adj.1". Oxford English Dictionary online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-30.(subscription required)
  35. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  36. ^ "pariah, (n.), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/1105896161.
  37. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  38. ^ "Sambal; Define Sambal at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  39. ^ "Teak". Merriam-Webster.com. 11 March 2024.
  40. ^ "teak". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  41. ^ "teak, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1910.
  42. ^ "For this professor, tracking Tamil words in English is a passion". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2012-04-18. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  43. ^ "cash2". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  44. ^ "Catamaran; Define Catamaran at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  45. ^ "Cheroot; Define Cheroot at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  46. ^ "Corundum; Define Corundum at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  47. ^ "Curry definition & meaning". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  48. ^ "mulligatawny, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003.
  49. ^ "patchouli". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
  50. ^ "Pandal; Define Pandal at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  51. ^ "Areca". Dictionary.com.
  52. ^ "Catechu". Dictionary.com.
  53. ^ "Catechu". WordReference.com.
  54. ^ "Copra". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  55. ^ "Calico". Dictionary.com.
  56. ^ "Jackfruit". Merriam-Webster.com. 24 February 2024.
  57. ^ "bandicoot". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  58. ^ "pitta". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
  59. ^ a b Illustrated Oxford Dictionary. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 140532029-X.
  60. ^ a b "dhole". Merriam-Webster.com. n.d. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  61. ^ "hijra, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (third ed.). 2009.
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