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List of countries by ecological footprint

This is a list of countries by ecological footprint. The table is based on data spanning from 1961 to 2013 from the Global Footprint Network's National Footprint Accounts published in 2016. Numbers are given in global hectares per capita. The world-average ecological footprint in 2016 was 2.75 global hectares per person (22.6 billion in total). With a world-average biocapacity of 1.63 global hectares (gha) per person (12.2 billion in total), this leads to a global ecological deficit of 1.1 global hectares per person (10.4 billion in total).[1]

Countries by raw ecological footprint per capita (2018)
National ecological surplus or deficit, measured as a country's biocapacity per person (in global hectares) minus its ecological footprint per person (also in global hectares). Data from 2013.[1]
  x ≤ −9
  −9 < x ≤ −8
  −8 < x ≤ −7
  −7 < x ≤ −6
  −6 < x ≤ −5
  −5 < x ≤ −4
  −4 < x ≤ −3
  −3 < x ≤ −2
  −2 < x ≤ −1
  −1 < x < 0
  0 ≤ x < 2
  2 ≤ x < 4
  4 ≤ x < 6
  6 ≤ x < 8
  8 ≤ x
  Data unavailable
Main article: Ecological footprint

For humanity, having a footprint smaller than the planet's biocapacity is a necessary condition for sustainability. After all, ecological overuse is only possible temporarily. A country that consumes more than 1.73 gha per person has a resource demand that is not sustainable world-wide if every country were to exceed that consumption level simultaneously. Countries with a footprint below 1.73 gha per person might not be sustainable: the quality of the footprint may still lead to net long-term ecological destruction. If a country does not have enough ecological resources within its own territory to cover its population's footprint, then it runs an ecological deficit and the country is termed an ecological debtor. Otherwise, it has an ecological reserve and it is called a creditor.[1] To a significant degree, biocapacity correlates with access to water resources.

Countries and regions

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This table below is based on 2012 results (National Footprint Accounts edition 2016). The latest edition (2021), produced by York University,[2] Footprint Data Foundation,[3] and Global Footprint Network, is available on Global Footprint Network's website at http://data.footprintnetwork.org. Note that this list contains only 188 countries, covering most of the countries with more than one million inhabitants.

Rank Country/region Ecological
footprint		 Biocapacity Biocapacity
deficit or
reserve		 Population
(millions) 		Total biocapacity deficit or reserve (gMha) Population (millions) for biocapacity to equal ecological footprint*
(gha/person)
World 2.75 1.63 -1.12 7753 -10400 2500
1   Luxembourg 15.82 1.68 −14.14 0.63 −7.35 0.055221
2   Aruba 11.88 0.57 −11.31 0.17 −1.13 0.004798
3   Qatar 10.8 1.24 −9.56 2.05 −19.60 0.235373343
4   Australia 9.31 16.57 7.26 23.05 167.34 41.02454
5   United States 8.4 3.76 −4.46 329.5 −1416.05 145.2311
6   Canada 8.17 16.01 7.83 38 272.80 68.27275
7   Kuwait 8.13 0.55 −7.58 3.25 −24.64 0.219865
8   Singapore 7.97 0.05 −7.92 5.3 −41.98 0.03325
9   United Kingdom 7.93 0.56 −7.37 65.648 −483.83 4.635924
10   Trinidad and Tobago 7.92 1.56 −6.36 1.34 −8.52 0.263939
11   Montserrat 7.78 1.36 −6.42 0.005 −0.03 0.000874
12   Oman 7.52 1.92 −5.6 3.31 −18.54 0.845106
13   Bahrain 7.49 0.58 −6.91 1.32 −9.12 0.102216
14   Belgium 7.44 1.19 −6.25 11.6 −69.13 1.769005
15   Sweden 7.25 10.62 3.38 9.51 32.14 13.93051
16   Estonia 6.86 10.53 3.67 1.29 4.73 1.980131
17   Bahamas 6.84 9.55 2.71 0.37 1.00 0.516594
18   Latvia 6.29 9.55 3.26 2.06 6.72 3.127663
19   Israel 6.22 0.35 −5.87 9.1 −44.85 0.429904
20   Mongolia 6.08 15.66 9.58 2.8 26.82 7.211842
21   Austria 6.06 3.07 −3 8.46 −25.38 4.285842
22   Taiwan 5.93 1.0 −4.13 23.6 1.00 3.979764
22   Finland 5.87 13.44 7.57 5.41 40.95 12.38678
23   Lithuania 5.83 5.67 −0.17 3.03 −0.52 2.946844
24   Slovenia 5.81 2.35 −3.47 2.07 −7.18 0.837263
25    Switzerland 5.79 1.3 −4.48 8 −35.84 1.7962
26   Bermuda 5.77 0.13 −5.64 0.06 −0.34 0.001352
27   South Korea 5.69 0.68 −5.01 49 −245.49 5.855888
28   Russia 5.69 6.79 1.1 143.17 157.49 170.8479
29   Cayman Islands 5.65 0.32 −5.33 0.06 −0.32 0.003398
30   Saudi Arabia 5.61 0.5 −5.12 28.29 −144.84 2.52139
31   New Zealand 5.6 10.14 4.54 4.46 20.25 8.075786
32   Ireland 5.57 3.73 −1.83 4.58 −8.38 3.067038
33   Kazakhstan 5.55 3.41 −2.14 16.27 −34.82 9.996523
34   Denmark 5.51 4.78 −0.73 5.6 −4.09 4.858076
35   Turkmenistan 5.47 2.79 −2.68 5.17 −13.86 2.636984
36   Antigua and Barbuda 5.38 0.94 −4.44 0.09 −0.40 0.015725
37   Germany 5.3 2.27 −3.02 82.8 −250.06 35.4634
38   Netherlands 5.28 1.17 −4.11 16.71 −68.68 3.702784
39   Czech Republic 5.19 2.46 −2.73 10.66 −29.10 5.052717
40   France 5.14 3.11 −2.04 63.98 −130.52 38.71163
41   Belarus 5.09 3.64 −1.45 9.4 −13.63 6.7222
42   Japan 5.02 0.72 −4.3 127.25 −547.18 18.251
43   Norway 4.98 8.18 3.19 4.99 15.92 8.196426
44   Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.94 0.62 −4.31 0.05 −0.22 0.006275
45   United Arab Emirates 4.94 1.32 −3.62 6.30 −22.82 1.683401
46   Bhutan 4.84 5.27 0.43 0.74 0.32 0.805744
47   French Polynesia 4.73 1.37 −3.36 0.27 −0.91 0.078203
48   Italy 4.61 1.08 −3.53 60.92 −215.05 14.27193
49   Barbados 4.48 0.19 −4.29 0.28 −1.20 0.011875
50   Poland 4.44 2.08 −2.36 38.21 −90.18 17.90018
51   Greece 4.38 1.61 −2.77 11.12 −30.80 4.087489
52   Chile 4.36 3.63 −0.73 17.46 −12.75 14.53665
53   Suriname 4.25 89.33 85.08 0.54 45.94 11.35016
54   Cyprus 4.21 0.34 −3.87 1.13 −4.37 0.091259
55   Paraguay 4.16 10.52 6.36 6.69 42.55 16.91798
56   Brunei 4.06 2.87 −1.19 0.41 −0.49 0.289828
57   Slovakia 4.06 2.71 −1.35 5.45 −7.36 3.637808
58   Equatorial Guinea 3.97 4.4 0.44 0.74 0.33 0.820151
59   Croatia 3.92 2.8 −1.12 4.31 −4.83 3.078571
60   Portugal 3.88 1.51 −2.37 10.6 −25.12 4.125258
61   Lebanon 3.84 0.33 −3.51 4.65 −16.32 0.399609
62   Botswana 3.83 3.47 −0.35 2 −0.70 1.81201
63   Montenegro 3.78 3.24 −0.54 0.62 −0.33 0.531429
64   Malaysia 3.71 2.41 −1.3 29.24 −38.01 18.99418
65   Libya 3.69 0.7 −3 6.16 −18.48 1.168564
66   Spain 3.67 1.25 −2.42 46.76 −113.16 15.92643
67   Réunion 3.65 0.18 −3.47 0.86 −2.98 0.042411
68   New Caledonia 3.58 7.67 4.09 0.25 1.02 0.535615
69   Venezuela 3.57 2.78 −0.79 29.96 −23.67 23.3302
70   Mauritius 3.46 0.71 −2.75 1.24 −3.41 0.254451
71   China 3.38 0.94 −2.44 1402 −3435.62 391.5851
72   Turkey 3.33 1.52 −1.81 74 −133.94 33.77778
73   Bulgaria 3.32 2.86 −0.46 7.28 −3.35 6.271325
74   South Africa 3.31 1.15 −2.16 52.39 −113.16 18.20196
75   North Macedonia 3.26 1.51 −1.75 2.11 −3.69 0.977331
76   Guadeloupe 3.23 0.45 −2.77 0.46 −1.27 0.064087
77   Argentina 3.14 6.92 3.78 41.09 155.32 90.55503
78   Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.12 1.63 −1.49 3.83 −5.71 2.000929
79   Brazil 3.11 9.08 5.97 198.66 1186.00 580.0105
80   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3.11 1.26 −1.85 0.11 −0.20 0.044566
81   Guyana 3.07 66.58 63.51 0.8 50.81 17.34984
82   Grenada 2.98 1.96 −1.01 0.1 −0.10 0.065772
83   Bolivia 2.96 16.73 13.77 10.5 144.59 59.34628
84   Nauru 2.94 0.19 −2.76 0.01 −0.03 0.000646
85   Hungary 2.92 2.17 −0.75 9.98 −7.49 7.416644
86   Uruguay 2.91 10.32 7.41 3.4 25.19 12.05773
87   Fiji 2.9 2.37 −0.52 0.88 −0.46 0.719172
88   Mexico 2.89 1.27 −1.62 120.85 −195.78 53.10709
89   British Virgin Islands 2.86 2.05 −0.81 0.03 −0.02 0.021503
90   Costa Rica 2.84 1.53 −1.31 4.8 −6.29 2.585915
91   Ukraine 2.84 2.27 −0.58 45.53 −26.41 36.39194
92   Iran 2.79 0.9 −1.89 76.42 −144.43 24.65161
93   Panama 2.79 2.94 0.15 3.8 0.57 4.004301
94   Samoa 2.77 1.93 −0.85 0.19 −0.16 0.132383
95   Romania 2.71 2.32 −0.39 21.76 −8.49 18.62849
96   Serbia 2.7 1.25 −1.44 9.55 −13.75 4.421296
97   Tonga 2.7 1.48 −1.22 0.1 −0.12 0.054815
98   Thailand 2.66 1.24 −1.42 66.78 −94.83 31.13053
99   Dominica 2.57 1.03 −1.54 0.07 −0.11 0.028054
100   Mauritania 2.54 4.48 1.93 3.8 7.33 6.702362
101   Cape Verde 2.52 0.62 −1.9 0.49 −0.93 0.120556
102   Namibia 2.48 6.88 4.4 2.26 9.94 6.269677
103   Saint Lucia 2.45 0.34 −2.1 0.18 −0.38 0.02498
104   French Guiana 2.34 111.35 109.01 0.24 26.16 11.42051
105   Tunisia 2.34 0.93 −1.4 10.88 −15.23 4.324103
106   Uzbekistan 2.32 0.92 −1.4 28.54 −39.96 11.31759
107   Azerbaijan 2.31 0.85 −1.46 9.31 −13.59 3.425758
108   Peru 2.28 3.97 1.69 29.99 50.68 52.21943
109   Armenia 2.23 0.89 −1.35 2.97 −4.01 1.185336
110   Albania 2.21 1.18 −1.03 3.16 −3.25 1.68724
111   Djibouti 2.19 0.77 −1.42 0.86 −1.22 0.302374
112   Ecuador 2.17 2.2 0.03 15.49 0.46 15.70415
113   Egypt 2.15 0.56 −1.59 80.72 −128.34 21.02474
114   Algeria 2.12 0.59 −1.53 38.48 −58.87 10.70906
115   Jordan 2.1 0.21 −1.89 7.01 −13.25 0.701
116   Martinique 2.08 0.39 −1.7 0.4 −0.68 0.075
117   El Salvador 2.07 0.61 −1.46 6.3 −9.20 1.856522
118   Wallis and Futuna 2.07 1.51 −0.56 0.01 −0.01 0.007295
119   Gabon 2.02 26.31 24.29 1.63 39.59 21.23035
120   Swaziland 2.01 0.88 −1.14 1.23 −1.40 0.538507
121   Ghana 1.97 1.35 −0.62 25.37 −15.73 17.38553
122   Cuba 1.95 0.76 −1.19 11.27 −13.41 4.39241
123   Kyrgyzstan 1.91 1.3 −0.61 5.47 −3.34 3.723037
124   Papua New Guinea 1.91 3.92 2.01 7.17 14.41 14.71539
125   Guatemala 1.89 0.99 −0.9 15.08 −13.57 7.899048
126   Jamaica 1.89 0.43 −1.46 2.77 −4.04 0.630212
127   Iraq 1.88 0.29 −1.59 32.78 −52.12 5.056489
128   Colombia 1.87 3.6 1.72 47.7 82.04 91.82888
129   Moldova 1.78 0.8 −0.98 3.51 −3.44 1.577528
130   Honduras 1.68 1.77 0.09 7.94 0.71 8.365357
131   Morocco 1.68 0.71 −0.96 32.52 −31.22 13.74357
132   Lesotho 1.66 0.78 −0.87 2.05 −1.78 0.963253
133   Vietnam 1.65 1 −0.65 90.8 −59.02 55.0303
134   Georgia 1.58 1.17 −0.41 4.36 −1.79 3.228608
135   Indonesia 1.58 1.26 −0.32 246.86 −79.00 196.863
136   Niger 1.56 1.24 −0.32 17.16 −5.49 13.64
137   Dominican Republic 1.53 0.56 −0.97 10.28 −9.97 3.762614
138   Guinea-Bissau 1.53 3.03 1.49 1.66 2.47 3.287451
139   Mali 1.53 1.58 0.05 14.85 0.74 15.33529
140   Syria 1.51 0.6 −0.91 21.89 −19.92 8.698013
141   Sao Tome and Principe 1.49 0.87 −0.61 0.19 −0.12 0.11094
142   Chad 1.46 2.03 0.57 12.45 7.10 17.31062
143   Myanmar 1.43 1.84 0.41 52.8 21.65 67.93846
144   Benin 1.41 0.88 −0.53 10.05 −5.33 6.27234
145   Guinea 1.41 2.09 0.68 11.45 7.79 16.97199
146   Nicaragua 1.39 2.25 0.87 5.99 5.21 9.696043
147   Zimbabwe 1.37 0.62 −0.75 13.72 −10.29 6.209051
148   Sri Lanka 1.32 0.44 −0.88 21.1 −18.57 7.033333
149   Tanzania 1.32 1.08 −0.24 47.78 −11.47 39.09273
150   Congo 1.29 10.91 9.63 4.34 41.97 36.70496
151   Solomon Islands 1.29 4.36 3.08 0.55 1.69 1.858915
152   Côte d'Ivoire 1.27 1.78 0.51 19.84 10.12 27.80724
153   Central African Republic 1.24 7.87 6.62 4.53 29.99 28.75089
154   Sierra Leone 1.24 1.24 0 5.98 0.00 5.98
155   Somalia 1.24 1.27 0.03 10.2 0.31 10.44677
156   Uganda 1.24 0.59 −0.66 36.35 −23.99 17.29556
157   Laos 1.22 1.62 0.4 6.65 2.66 8.830328
158   Burkina Faso 1.21 0.98 −0.22 16.46 −3.62 13.33124
159   Cambodia 1.21 1.09 −0.11 14.86 −1.63 13.38628
160   Liberia 1.21 2.57 1.35 4.19 5.66 8.899421
161   Senegal 1.21 1.05 −0.16 13.73 −2.20 11.91446
162   Cameroon 1.17 1.69 0.52 21.7 11.28 31.34444
163   North Korea 1.17 0.6 −0.57 24.76 −14.11 12.69744
164   India 1.16 0.45 −0.71 1380 −878.05 479.7504
165   Nigeria 1.16 0.7 −0.47 168.83 −79.35 101.8802
166   Togo 1.13 0.53 −0.6 6.64 −3.98 3.114336
167   Philippines 1.1 0.54 −0.56 96.71 −54.16 47.47582
168   Comoros 1.03 0.32 −0.7 0.72 −0.50 0.223689
169   Gambia 1.03 0.82 −0.21 1.79 −0.38 1.425049
170   Kenya 1.03 0.51 −0.52 43.18 −22.45 21.38039
171   Yemen 1.03 0.5 −0.53 23.85 −12.64 11.57767
172   Ethiopia 1.02 0.58 −0.44 91.73 −40.36 52.1602
173   Madagascar 0.99 2.63 1.64 22.29 36.56 59.21485
174   Zambia 0.99 2.23 1.24 14.08 17.46 31.71556
175     Nepal 0.98 0.59 −0.38 27.47 −10.44 16.53806
176   Angola 0.93 2.55 1.61 20.82 35.52 57.0871
177   Tajikistan 0.91 0.53 −0.38 8.01 −3.04 4.665165
178   Mozambique 0.87 2.06 1.19 25.2 29.99 59.66897
179   Rwanda 0.87 0.54 −0.32 11.46 −3.67 7.113103
180   Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.82 3.07 2.25 65.7 147.83 245.9744
181   Malawi 0.81 0.66 −0.15 15.91 −2.39 12.9637
182   Burundi 0.8 0.32 −0.48 9.85 −4.73 3.94
183   Afghanistan 0.79 0.5 −0.3 29.82 −8.95 18.87342
184   Pakistan 0.79 0.35 −0.44 179.16 −78.83 79.37468
185   Bangladesh 0.72 0.38 −0.35 154.7 −54.15 81.64722
186   Haiti 0.61 0.27 −0.34 10.17 −3.46 4.501475
187   Timor-Leste 0.48 1.78 1.3 1.11 1.44 4.11625
188   Eritrea 0.49 1.3 0.88 6.13 5.39 16.26327

*Assumes that biocapacity and ecological footprint per person will not change when population changes.

See also

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World map of countries by their raw ecological footprint compared against the global average biocapacity of 2.1 gha per person in 2007.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Open Data Platform". data.footprintnetwork.org. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  2. ^ https://footprint.info.yorku.ca
  3. ^ https://www.FoDaFo.org

"National Footprint Accounts 2016, Open Data Platform". Global Footprint Network. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.

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