Luisa Capetillo (October 28, 1879 – April 10, 1922) was one of Puerto Rico's most famous labor leaders. She was an anarchist writer, activist, labor organizer who fought for workers' rights, women's rights, free love, and human emancipation.[1]
Luisa Capetillo | |
|---|---|
 Luisa Capetillo | |
| Born | October 28, 1879 Arecibo, Puerto Rico |
| Died | April 10, 1922 (aged 42) San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Occupation | Writer, labor organizer |
| Children | Manuela Ledesma Capetillo |
Early years
editCapetillo was born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, to a Spanish father Luis Capetillo Echevarría from the Basque country and Luisa Margarita Perone, a Corsican immigrant. Luis Capetillo arrived in Puerto Rico at around the same time as Margarita, traveling with his family.[2]
In 1898, Capetillo had the first of her two children out of wedlock. She found a job as a reader in a cigar-making factory in Arecibo. After the Spanish–American War, the American Tobacco Company, which had gained control of most of the island's tobacco fields, would hire people to read novels and current events to the workers. It was in the tobacco factory that Capetillo had her first contact with labor unions. In 1904, Capetillo began to write essays, titled Mi Opinión (My Opinion), about her ideas, which were published in radical and union newspapers.[3]
Influences
editLuisa Capetillo was greatly influenced by her parents, her environment, her personal experiences and the literature she surrounded herself with. Both of her parents shared many ideals, including those related to Romanticism. Her mother being of French descent, believed women should defend their ideals and act according to themselves. She strongly sided with George Sands' beliefs that the old liberated woman could be "revolutionary, both politically and in her personal life, opposed to marriage and to all social contracts that would regulate human relations, but willing to sacrifice everything in the name of love".[4] Margarita reflected these ideals since she lived and procreated with the man she loved at the same time providing for herself. Later on, Luisa would dedicate the following words to her mom: "To you, dear mother of mine, who tried to control me, or make me think traditionally. You allowed me to inquire freely, only reproaching what you thought were exaggerations, without forcing me in any way".[5] As for her father, Luis, he taught her how to read and write.
Luisa Capetillo also developed her ideals of anarchism and romanticism from the literature she read in her childhood. She read much of French writers like Victor Hugo and Émile Zola and of Russian Romantics like Leo Tolstoy. Through some of these books, she encountered anarchists' beliefs that "the closer behavior is to being natural, the closer it will be to a just society".[6] Tolstoy was probably the author that most closely reflected her spiritual beliefs. His legacy inspired her even further as a writer. She wrote a play titled "Influencias de las ideas modernas" (The Influence of Modern Ideas) which clearly was motivated by his philosophies. One of the main characters can be said to be Tolstoy himself. One of the characters says "Well, my friends, don't let my ways surprise you. I have read Malatesta, Tolstoy and Zola, so I have understood many things that I couldn't before",[7] which can be interpreted as a reflection of herself.
Even though Luisa was baptized as a child, as an adult she rejected the Catholic Church and even called priests hypocrites. In one of her essays titled Ensayos Libertarios (Libertarian Essays), she wrote "don't baptize your children. Think about it. If it were so necessary, it would be stupid for there to be millions of human beings who don't believe in it".[6] As a mother, she never baptized her children and in one letter she wrote to her daughter she said " I never taught you to pray, that is something you have to feel. You are not baptized by any religious rite." She considered organized religion to be a form of prison for humans.[8]
Beliefs
editShe considered herself both an anarchist and spiritual person. In an essay she wrote, titled ¿Anarquista y espiritista?.... ¡Uf, uf! (Anarchist and Spiritis?...Humph!), Luisa opened up on how she considered herself a Christian and an anarchist. Traditionally you're either an anarchists or a Christian, but she defended the position that you can be both. She taught her children how to be a good Samaritan without having to follow a particular religion. In a letter she wrote to her daughter she advised her that in order to be considered good, she didn't have to attend Mass. Instead, she could visit the poor, feed the hungry and nurse the sick.[9]
Labor leader and women's rights activist
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During a farm workers' strike in 1905, Capetillo wrote propaganda and organized the workers in the strike. In 1910 she became a reporter for the "FLT" (American Federation of Labor) and traveled throughout Puerto Rico educating and organizing women. Her hometown, Arecibo, became the most unionized area of the country. Additionally, she also started her own newspaper called La mujer, which confronted women's issues.[10]
Capetillo started a program of reading to the women who worked 12 hour shifts on the shop floor making cigars. It is assumed that is where she developed many of her feminist principles.[11] In 1908, during the "FLT" convention, Capetillo asked the union to approve a policy for women's suffrage. She insisted that all women should have the same right to vote as men. Capetillo is considered to be one of Puerto Rico's first suffragists.[12]
In 1912, Capetillo traveled to New York City, where she organized Cuban and Puerto Rican tobacco workers. Later on, she went to Tampa, Florida, where she also organized the workers. In Florida, she published the second edition of "Mi Opinión". She also traveled to Cuba and the Dominican Republic, where she joined the striking workers in their cause.
In July 24, 1915, she challenged the mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear pants in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was then considered to be a "crime", but the judge later dropped the charges against her. She would repeat this act of rebellion again stepping off the boat into Cuba where the judge was not so lenient leading to her serving time. In that same year, along with other labor activists, she helped pass a minimum-wage law in the Puerto Rican Legislature.[13]
In 1916, Capetillo was deported by President Menocal.
Legacy
editOn May 29, 2014, The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico honored 12 illustrious women with plaques in the "La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan. According to the plaques the 12 women, who by virtue of their merits and legacies, stand out in the history of Puerto Rico. Capetillo was among those honored.[14]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Acosta-Belen 1986, p. 9.
- ^ Valle Ferrer 2006, p. 19.
- ^ Aldebol 2002.
- ^ Valle Ferrer 2006, p. 20.
- ^ Valle Ferrer 2006, p. 21.
- ^ a b Valle Ferrer 2006, p. 23.
- ^ Valle Ferrer 2006, p. 27.
- ^ Valle Ferrer 2006, p. 24.
- ^ Valle Ferrer 2006, p. 25.
- ^ "Luisa Capetillo".
- ^ "Latin American Feminism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.
- ^ "History". Archived from the original on December 17, 2003. Retrieved December 17, 2003.
- ^ "Luisa Capetillo Perone". Archived from the original on September 7, 2008.
- ^ "La mujer en nuestra historia".
Bibliography
edit- Acosta-Belen, Edna (1986). The Puerto Rican Woman. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0275921344.
- Aldebol, Shirley (November 2002). "Luisa Capetillo: Early Puerto Rican Labor Leader". The Unionist. 32 (10). New York: Social Service Employees Union Local 371. ISSN 0041-7092. OCLC 6513448. Archived from the original on May 19, 2003.
- Valle Ferrer, Norma (2006). Luisa Capetillo, Pioneer Puerto Rican Feminist. Nuestra Voz. Vol. 4. Translated by Waldman-Schwartz, Gloria. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 0-8204-4285-2. ISSN 1074-6773. OCLC 42682917.
Further reading
edit- The Puerto Rican Nation on the Move: Identities on the Island and in the United States, by Duany, Jorge. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
- Puerto Rican Women and Work: Bridges in Transnational Labor, by Ortiz, Altagracia; Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996.
- "Whose Legacy?: Voicing Women's Rights from 1870s to 1930s", by Romero-Cesáreo, Ivette; Callaloo 17, no. 3 (1994).
- "Feminism and Its Influence on Women's Organizations in Puerto Rico." In The Puerto Rican Woman: Perspectives on Culture, History and Society, 2nd ed., by: Valle Ferrer, Norma. Edited by Edna Acosta-Belén, 75–87. New York: Praeger, 1986.
- MacLean, Barbara Hutmacher (1997). I can't do what?: voices of pathfinding women. Ventura, California: Pathfinder Pub.
- Grinstein, Lousie S.; Rose, K Rose; Rafailovich, Miriam H. (1993). Women in chemistry and physics: a biobibliographic sourcebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313273827.
- Southern Discomfort women's Activism in Tampa, Florida 1800s–1920s by Nancy A. Hewitt.
- Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez, eds. (2006). Latinas in the United States a Historical Encyclopedia. Bloomington: Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253111692.
- Hewitt, Nancy A. (2005). "Luisa Capetillo: Feminist of the Working Class". In Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez (eds.). Latina Legacies: Identity, Biography, and Community. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–134. ISBN 978-0-19-803502-2.
- Capetillo, Luisa. A Nation of Women. Translated by Alan West-Duran. London, UK: Penguin Random House (2021).
- Small Axe special edition, November 2022.
External links
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- Luisa Capetillo at the Wayback Machine (archived December 17, 2003)