This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2022) |
The lynching of Jake Brooks occurred in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on January 14, 1922.[1]
| Part of Jim Crow Era | |
 The body of Jake Brooks | |
| Date | January 14, 1922 |
|---|---|
| Location | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| Participants | A mob hangs Jake Brooks |
| Deaths | 1 |
Background
editIn 1922, the meatpackers Union in Oklahoma City was on strike. Militant strikers were angered by scab workers taking their jobs and plotted to make an example.
Lynching
editThe militants went to great lengths and even recruited Jake Brooks' own cousin to take part in the lynching. They abducted him from his home on Saturday, January 14, 1922, drove him 5 5 miles (8.0 km) out of Oklahoma City and hanged him from a tree. It took three days for his body to be discovered.[2]
Aftermath
editThe local police were initially hesitant to investigate the killing but Governor James B.A. Robertson directly intervened and five "ringleaders" were arrested, charged, pleaded guilty and were sentenced.[3] They were Lee Whitley, 29; Charles Polk, 18; Elmert Yearta, 19; (the three white accused) and Robert Allen, 27; Nathan Butler, 40 (the two Black accused). Each of the men later pleaded guilty to murder and were sentenced to life in prison.[3]
Photographs of Jake Brooks's hanged body are sent to Congress, hoping for passage of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill. [4] The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was first introduced in 1918 by Representative Leonidas C. Dyer, a Republican from St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States House of Representatives as H.R. 11279. It was intended to establish lynching as a federal crime. The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was re-introduced in subsequent sessions of Congress and passed, 230 to 119, by the U.S. House of Representatives on January 26, 1922, but its passage was halted in the Senate by a filibuster by Southern Democrats, who formed a powerful block. Southern Democrats justified their opposition to the bill by arguing that lynchings were a response to rapes and proclaiming that lynchings were an issue that should be left for states to deal with.
Attempts to pass similar legislation took a halt until the Costigan-Wagner Bill of 1934. It was not until 2018 that the Senate passed the anti-lynching legislation Justice for Victims of Lynching Act, on which the House of Representatives took no action. On February 26, 2020, the House passed a revised version, the Emmett Till Antilynching Act, by a vote of 410–4. A revised version of the bill that includes a serious bodily injury standard was passed by the 117th Congress,[5][6][7][8][9] and was signed into law by President Joe Biden on March 29, 2022.[10]
Bibliography
editNotes
- ^ Zangrando 1963, p. 149.
- ^ Durant Weekly News, January 20, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ a b New York Times, January 25, 1922, p. 10.
- ^ The Dallas Express, February 4, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ Flynn, Meagan (February 21, 2020). "A black lawmaker's anti-lynching bill failed 120 years ago. Now, the House may finally act". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ Ella Torres (February 26, 2022). "Emmett Till bill making lynching a federal crime passes House". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ Sonmez, Felicia (March 8, 2022). "Senate unanimously passes anti-lynching bill after century of failure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
- ^ Peter Granitz (2022-03-08). "Senate passes anti-lynching bill". NPR. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- ^ Jeffery A. Jenkins and Justin Peck (March 9, 2022). "Congress finally passed a federal anti-lynching bill — after 120 years of failure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ McDaniel, Eric; Moore, Elena (2022-03-29). "Lynching is now a federal hate crime after a century of blocked efforts". NPR. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
References
- "Five members of Lynching party - three white and two black, caught tried and sentenced to life imprisonment within 5 days". The Dallas Express. Dallas, Texas: W.E. King. February 4, 1922. pp. 1–8. ISSN 2331-334X. OCLC 9839625. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- "Martial Law At Oklahoma City". Durant Weekly News. Durant, Bryan, Oklahoma: Lewis Paullin. January 20, 1922. pp. 1–8. ISSN 2163-8012. OCLC 35709904. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- "Lynchers Jailed For Life.; Five Sentenced in Oklahoma for Slaying Packing House Worker". New York Times. January 25, 1922. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- Zangrando, Robert Lewis (1963). The Efforts of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to Secure Passage of a Federal Anti-lynching Law, 1920-1940. University of Pennsylvania. - Total pages:920
- United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1926). "To Prevent and Punish the Crime of Lynching: Hearings Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on S. 121, Sixty-Ninth Congress, First Session, on Feb. 16, 1926". United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved January 23, 2022.