Wikipedia

M5 Motorway (Sydney)

The M5 Motorway is a 28.8-kilometre (17.9 mi)[1] series of tolled motorways located in Sydney, New South Wales designated as route M5. It is part of the Sydney Orbital Network.

M5 Motorway

New South Wales
Looking west along M5 Motorway east of the interchange with Fairford Road, Riverwood
M5 Motorway (Sydney) is located in Sydney
West end
West end
East end
East end
Coordinates
General information
TypeMotorway
Length28.8 km (18 mi)[1]
Opened1992–94 (Prestons–Beverly Hils)
2001 (Beverly Hills–Mascot)
GazettedJune 1993[2]
Route number(s) M5 (2013–present)
Former
route number		 Metroad 5 (1993–2013)
Major junctions
West end Hume Motorway
Prestons, New South Wales
 
East end General Holmes Drive
Mascot, New South Wales
Location(s)
Major suburbsBankstown, Moorebank, Liverpool
Highway system

The M5 Motorway comprises two connected parts:

The M8 Motorway also runs roughly parallel to the M5 East and links it at Kingsgrove to the Rozelle Interchange along separate twin tunnels. Both the M5 East and M8 Motorway are tolled as part of WestConnex, separate to the M5 South-West tolls. This results in two separate tolls when travelling along the M5 between Moorebank and Mascot.

Route

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South-West Motorway commences at the Roden Cutler Interchange (where it meets Hume Motorway and Westlink M7) in Prestons and heads in a northeasterly direction as a six-lane, dual-carriageway road, widening to 8 lanes at the interchange with Hume Highway in southern Liverpool and heading in an easterly direction, crossing the Main Southern railway line and then the Georges River into Moorebank, then narrowing back to six lanes at the interchange with Heathcote Road at Wattle Grove. It becomes the M5 East at the interchange with King Georges Road in Beverly Hills, and just east of this interchange it widens to ten lanes to accommodate the portals to the M8 Motorway, then narrows back to four lanes afterwards and enters the M5 East tunnels at the interchange with Bexley Road, emerging four kilometres later in Arncliffe. It then crosses under the Cooks River to eventually terminate with General Holmes Drive at Mascot.

The M5 cycleway is located on the breakdown lanes of the M5 South-West Motorway, and runs off-road parallel to the M5 East between King Georges Road and Arncliffe.

History

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South West Motorway

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Logo of South West Motorway
 
Looking eastbound towards the M8 tunnel portal
 
Looking westbound near Kingsgrove
 
Looking westbound from an overpass at Riverwood

South West Motorway replaced Hume Highway (Liverpool Road) as the primary route from Liverpool to the Sydney CBD. In the 1980s, the Hume Highway (National Highway 31) ended at Crossroads, just before Liverpool. This stretch of freeway (Campbelltown to Crossroads) was previously known as South Western Freeway, designated F5.

The South Western Freeway is different to the M5 South-West Motorway. From then on, to proceed to the city, the alternatives were either Liverpool Road (then National Route 31) or Newbridge and Canterbury Roads (then State Route 54) via Bankstown. Both routes had many traffic lights and were (and still are) heavily congested.

An initial stretch of the motorway was built and completed in February 1985 to link Heathcote Road at Moorebank and Hume Highway at Casula, including a bridge across the Georges River near Casula. It was built as a single carriageway and included a traffic light controlled, at-grade intersection at Moorebank Avenue.[3]

After years of proposals and political promises,[citation needed] a privately constructed and operated motorway – the M5 South-West Motorway – was built under a "Build-Operate-Transfer" agreement, which was awarded to Interlink Roads.[4] The motorway was constructed on a publicly-owned freeway reservation, between the existing road at Heathcote Road, Moorebank, to King Georges Road, Beverly Hills. It was constructed in two stages:[4]

Stage 1 and a portion of Stage 2 (The River Road to Fairford Road) of the motorway opened in August 1992, with the remaining portion of Stage 2 opened in October 1992.[4] The motorway was "completed" months ahead of schedule, even though the proposed link between the Cross Roads and Casula (Casula bypass) had yet to be constructed, and a third of the "motorway" existed only as single-carriageway road between the Fairford Road and King Georges Road interchanges, remarkably located at the busier city end of the road.[3]

Under the original contract in 1991, Interlink Roads would operate and toll the motorway for a concession of 22 years after opening. This meant that the toll concession was originally scheduled to end in August 2014.[4]

Metroad 5 was introduced in late 1992 along with other Metroads and was signed in February 1993.[5] South-West Motorway, from Beverly Hills to Moorebank and Crossroads to Campbelltown, along with Hume Highway, from Moorebank to Crossroads, were allocated Metroad 5. The Casula Bypass opened in June 1994, and the Hume Highway section of Metroad 5 was realigned to the bypass and the entire South-West Motorway therefore had the route allocation of Metroad 5. As part of the Casula Bypass works, the toll concession was extended from August 2014 to June 2022.[4]

The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924[6] through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board. With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929[7] to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, the Roads & Traffic Authority (the eventual successor to the Main Roads Board) declared South-West Motorway as a motorway (under plan number 6005), on 28 June 1993,[2] and was re-declared to cover each extension until it reached its eastern terminus in Mascot in 2001; the tollway today still retains this declaration (under Tollway 6005).[8]

As part of the construction of the M5 East, the eastern two-lane, single carriageway section of South-West Motorway was widened to a full 4 lane, dual-carriageway road between June 1997 and August 1999, finally bringing most of the motorway up to complete freeway standard. This also included the opening of east-facing ramps and toll plazas at The River Road and Fairford Road.[4] However, the at-grade intersection at Moorebank Avenue still remained, posing a constraint on traffic flow. In January 2003, a grade-separated interchange at Moorebank Avenue was completed, meaning that not only the entire length of Metroad 5 was now freeway standard but also the entire route from Canberra to Sydney, and Melbourne to Sydney, was now high-speed dual carriageway.[3] However, the toll concession was also extended from June 2022 to August 2023.[4]

With the completion of the Westlink M7 motorway in December 2005, the Roden Cutler Interchange was added at Prestons to allow traffic from the south to access western Sydney or bypass the city altogether.

Between 2012 and 2014, the motorway was widened to three lanes in each direction.[9] As part of widening works, the toll concession was extended for the third time to 10 December 2026.[4]

New eastward-facing ramps at Belmore Road were constructed and opened on 5 February 2019.[10]

Toll

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The ownership of M5 South West Motorway is split between the state government and Interlink Roads, 100% owned by Transurban.[11][12] The state government owns the section between Hume Highway and Heathcote Road, with Interlink Roads owning the remainder of the motorway including the Casula Bypass.[3] However, the Casula Bypass is not tolled.

Interlink Roads was initially equally owned by Leighton and Commonwealth Bank. Leighton sold its 50% shareholding to Macquarie Infrastructure Group (MIG) in December 1996, while Commonwealth Bank sold 34.6% of its shareholding to Utilities Trust of Australia and its remaining 15.4% shareholding to AMP Limited in December 1998.[4] AMP in turn sold some of its shareholding to Retail Employees Superannuation and Sunsuper in 1999.

Sydney Roads Group was spun off from Macquarie Infrastructure Group in June 2006, including its 50% stake in Interlink Roads.[13] Transurban first acquired ownership of Interlink Roads in April 2007 when it acquired Sydney Roads Group. By 2012, the shareholders of Interlink Roads were:[4]

Transurban gained majority control of Interlink Roads when it acquired BNP's 8.24% stake on 18 September 2018, before acquiring the 7.14% stakes from Rest Super and Sunsuper on 3 December 2018, increasing its shareholding to 65.38%.[14][15] Transurban acquired the remaining 34.62% stake from IFM and Utilities Trust of Australia on 30 October 2019.[11]

The motorway east of Heathcote Road is tolled by Interlink Roads at a single price, with toll gantries located at Hammondville and at east-facing ramps at Henry Lawson Drive, The River Road, Fairford Road and Belmore Road. The motorway is tolled separately to the M5 East. Regular users of the motorway can claim a rebate from the state government for the cost of the toll, excluding GST, as part of a 1995 election commitment by Bob Carr, who eventually won the election and became Premier of New South Wales. On 1 July 2013, the M5 South-West became the last motorway in Australia to convert to cashless tolling.[16]

The current toll concession held by Interlink Roads is due to expire on 10 December 2026, after it was extended for three times since opening.[17][18] As part of the acquisition of WestConnex by a Transurban-led consortium, the M5 South-West Motorway will be transferred to WestConnex ownership when the Interlink Roads concession ends in 2026,[19][18] and will then be tolled as part of WestConnex together with M5 East.[20]

This table is an excerpt from Toll roads in Australia
Toll prices as of 1 January 2024[21]
Toll road Class A toll prices[a] Class B toll prices[a] Toll increase[23] Toll concessionaire Expiry of toll concession[24]


M5 South-West Motorway $5.62 $16.85 Quarterly on 1 January, 1 April, 1 July, and 1 October, by the greater of quarterly CPI or 1% Interlink Roads
(100% Transurban) 		10 December 2026[25][b]


  1. ^ a b Class A vehicles are typically cars and motorcycles; Class B vehicles are all other vehicles including trucks and heavy vehicles.[22]
  2. ^ After 10 December 2026, WestConnex distance-based tolls apply to the M5 South-West.

M5 East

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M5 East Main Tunnel
 
M5 East Tunnel ventilation stack at Turrella
Overview
LocationBexley North, New South Wales
StartBexley Road, Bexley North
EndMarsh Street, Arncliffe
Operation
Work begunDecember 1997
OpenedDecember 2001
OwnerTransport for NSW
OperatorWestConnex
TrafficAutomotive
Technical
Length4 kilometres (2.5 mi)
No. of lanes2 lanes each way
Operating speed80 km/h (50 mph) (variable)
Tunnel clearance4.6 metres (15 ft)

The M5 East is the eastern section of the M5 between King Georges Road at Beverly Hills and General Holmes Drive at Mascot, and includes two 4 km tunnels between Bexley North and Arncliffe, and another tunnel under the Cooks River.

After the Casula Bypass from Cross Roads to Casula was completed in 1994, the M5 South-West Motorway still abruptly ended at King Georges Road, meaning that motorway traffic was forced onto congested roads to complete the journey into the city. Roads & Traffic Authority (RTA) released the Environmental Impact Assessment of the M5 East Motorway for public consultation in June 1994, which proposed:[26]

  • Duplicating the existing single-lane M5 South West Motorway (opened 1992) between Fairford Road and King Georges Road
  • New tolled motorway between King Georges Road and General Holmes Drive at Mascot, adjacent to Sydney Airport, including tunnels between Bexley North and Turrella and a viaduct between Turrella and Marsh Street
  • An overpass over King Georges Road, with the embankment to be filled by spoil from the tunnel excavation

The toll plaza was proposed to be located near Garema Circuit, Armitree Street and Glamis Street in Kingsgrove.

Many of the public submissions raised during the EIS consultation were concerned with the visual impact of the proposed elevated motorway through Turrella, and the impact on residences in Arncliffe. In response to comments, it was announced in August 1995 that RTA would examine alternatives to the proposal between Bexley Road and Cooks River. In December 1996, an alternative direct tunnel proposal was announced in a supplement report to the EIS (EIS supplement), which was exhibited for public consultation until February 1997. The alternative proposal proposed shorter and more direct tunnels between Bexley Road and Marsh Street.[27] There would also be no tolls imposed on the motorway, as announced by the Minister for Roads a month prior. The proposed toll plaza would then be used as heavy vehicle inspection areas instead.

In response to submissions during the EIS supplement consultation, the proposal was further modified, reverting to an underpass below King Georges Road and a tunnel underneath Cooks River.[3] The modified proposal was approved in November 1997 and would be built as a publicly-built and toll-free link known as the M5 East Freeway.[28] Construction commenced in August 1998 and the M5 East was opened on 9 December 2001. Metroad 5 from Beverly Hills to the CBD, originally via Hume and Great Western Highway, was rerouted on the M5 East Freeway and ended at its terminus at General Holmes Drive.[5]

Controversy surrounded the construction of the M5 East concerning the effect of the freeway on the local environment, especially upon parts of Wolli Creek, and the construction of ventilation stacks required to remove pollution from the tunnel, which, ostensibly due to cost, lack filtration systems.[citation needed] Since its opening, the M5 East has attracted criticism for its lack of capacity, being full from the day it was opened, given that the tunnels provide only two lanes of traffic in either direction, and no provision has been made for future expansion. Most congestion problems occur at the western end of the main tunnel, which is long and steep.[citation needed]

An addition lane for slow traffic begins at the western tunnel exit for a short distance, to remove slow and heavy traffic. Had this been extended into the tunnel for a few hundred metres, the capacity would be far greater.[citation needed] These steep entrances to the tunnelled section are also the site of frequent vehicle accidents, usually involving heavy traffic.[citation needed] Pollution and smog inside the tunnel has also been a major concern, after it was revealed that the New South Wales Department of Health advised the Roads & Traffic Authority that pollution levels in the tunnel exceeded acceptable limits during peak hours of use, and urged motorists using the tunnel to keep their windows up and putting their car's ventilation system on "recirculate".[29]

The M5 East has been beset by many closures, due to accidents and computer failures within the tunnel, which cause gridlock.[citation needed] Between 2002 and 2008 there were six closures attributed to technical and computer failures alone in the tunnel.[30] The Government of New South Wales must pay penalties to the operators of the M5 East, BHBB, due to more traffic using the M5 than originally forecast. The penalties were expected to amount to $13 million by 2011. Some of this increase in demand was caused by the State Government's "Cashback" scheme, which involves public money subsidising motorists for using the adjoining, tolled M5 South-West Motorway.[30]

Both the South-West Motorway (to its interchange with Metroad 9 along Narellan Road) and the M5 East were designated as Metroad 5. With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, Metroad 5 was truncated back to the Roden Cutler Interchange (the former allocation renamed Hume Motorway and allocated M31) and replaced with route M5.[31]

Between December 2011 and April 2020, the M5 East was operated and maintained by Leighton (and later Ventia) on behalf of Transport for NSW.[32][28] On 1 May 2020, WestConnex took over the operations and maintenance of the tunnels.[33] Following the commencement of tolls in July 2020, the M5 East ceased being a freeway.

New M5

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See also: WestConnex and M8 Motorway (Sydney)

In 2009, the government released the M5 Transport Corridor Feasibility Study, which investigated strategic options for improving the M5 Motorway corridor. The study identified a preliminary preferred option, being the M5 East Duplication, consisted of duplicating the M5 East and construction of a new connection from the M5 East at Arncliffe to Euston Road, Qantas Drive and Gardeners Road.[34] The strategic concept for the M5 East Duplication was placed on public exhibition between November 2009 and March 2010 for community and stakeholder feedback.[citation needed] Feedback received was used to further develop and refine the scheme. In 2012, the scheme become the King Georges Road Interchange Upgrade and New M5 projects, the second stage of WestConnex. The New M5 would consist of separate tunnels parallel to the M5 East tunnels and would later become known as M8 Motorway.

The M8 tunnels were completed in July 2020. The tunnels connect to the existing M5 East at Kingsgrove and run roughly parallel to M5 East to Rozelle Interchange, forming an inner CBD bypass.

Toll

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See also: WestConnex § Tolls

Since 5 July 2020, when the M8 tunnels opened, the majority of the M5 East between King Georges Road and Marsh Street, as well as the M8 Motorway, is tolled by distance travelled as part of the WestConnex.[35] A short section of the M5 East between Marsh Street and General Holmes Drive remains toll-free.[36] As both the M5 East and M8 Motorway are tolled under WestConnex, a vehicle travelling on the M5 East (between King Georges Road and M8) and M8 together will only incur a single toll.[37]

The M5 East and M8 Motorway toll charge consists of:

Tolls for heavy vehicles are triple of cars and motorcycles. Toll prices increase by 4% or the consumer price index (CPI) every year, whichever is greater, until 2040, after which CPI will apply.[36]

This table is an excerpt from Toll roads in Australia
Toll prices as of 1 January 2024[38]
Toll road Class A toll prices[a] Class B toll prices[a] Toll increase[40] Toll concessionaire Expiry of toll concession[41]
Flagfall Charge per km Toll cap


WestConnex
(M4, M5 East, M8) 		$1.67 $0.6164 $11.78 3 x of Class A prices Annually on 1 January, by the greater of CPI or 4% until December 2040, then by CPI only Sydney Transport Partners
(9% Tawreed Investments 10.5% CPPIB, 10% Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ), 20.5% Australian Super, 50% Transurban) 		2060


  1. ^ a b Class A vehicles are typically cars and motorcycles; Class B vehicles are all other vehicles including trucks and heavy vehicles[39]

Exits and interchanges

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LGALocationkm[1]miDestinationsNotes
LiverpoolPrestons–Casula boundary0.00.0  Hume Motorway (M31 south) – Campbelltown, Goulburn, Canberra, MelbourneRoden Cutler Interchange
Western terminus of South-Western Motorway and route M5, route M31 continues south along Hume Motorway
  Westlink M7 (M7 north) – Eastern Creek, Bella Vista, Newcastle
  Camden Valley Way (A28 east, unallocated west) – Camden, Narellan, Casula, LiverpoolPartial diamond interchange; northbound entrance only
0.80.50Beech Road – Prestons, Casula, Glenfield
  Westlink M7 (M7 north) – Eastern Creek, Bella Vista, Newcastle		Westbound exit only
Casula–Liverpool boundary4.22.6  Hume Highway (A28) – Liverpool, Ashfield, Casula, CampbelltownHalf-diamond interchange; eastbound entrance and westbound exit only
4.62.9Main Southern railway line
Georges River4.72.9Georges River West Bridge
LiverpoolMoorebank5.23.2Moorebank Avenue – Glenfield, Moorebank, LiverpoolSingle-point urban interchange
Moorebank–Wattle Grove–Hammondville tripoint6.94.3Heathcote Road – Liverpool, Lucas Heights, HeathcoteDiamond interchange; no right turn from Heathcote Road southbound onto westbound entrance ramp
M5 South-West toll western terminus
Moorebank–Hammondville boundary8.85.5M5 South-West toll point in both directions
Georges River9.66.0Georges River East Bridge
Canterbury-BankstownMilperra10.76.6  Henry Lawson Drive  – Milperra, East Hills, Peakhurst, Bankstown AirportDiamond interchange; toll gantries on east-facing ramps
Revesby14.18.8The River Road  – Revesby, Revesby Heights, to Georges River National ParkDiamond interchange; toll gantries on east-facing ramps
Padstow15.79.8  Fairford Road (A6) – Bankstown, Carlingford, Menai, HeathcoteSingle-point urban interchange; toll gantries on east-facing ramps
Riverwood17.510.9Belmore Road  – Punchbowl, Riverwood, LugarnoDiamond interchange; toll gantries on east-facing ramps
Beverly Hills19.612.2  King Georges Road (A3)  – Strathfield, Mona Vale, Hurstville, BlakehurstSingle-point urban interchange
M5 South-West Motorway eastern terminus; M5 East Motorway western terminus
Westconnex M5 East and M8 toll western end
Kingsgrove20.612.8  M8 Motorway (M8) – St Peters, RozelleEastbound entrance and westbound exit only
21.913.6Kingsgrove Road – Campsie, BelfieldEastbound entrance and westbound exit only;
No access to Bexley Road entrance/exit
BaysideKingsgrove–Earlwood boundary22.914.2Bexley Road – Campsie, Earlwood, BexleyEastbound exit and westbound entrance only;
No access to Kingsgrove Road entrance/exit
Tunnel western terminus
Arncliffe26.416.4  Princes Highway (A36) – Wolli Creek, Rockdale, Sutherland, WollongongEastbound exit only
26.616.5West Botany Street – ArncliffeWestbound entrance from West Botany Street southbound only
26.816.7Tunnel eastern terminus
M5 East toll eastern end
  Marsh Street – Sydney International Airport, MascotSingle-point urban interchange
Cooks River27.817.3Cooks River tunnel
BaysideMascot28.817.9   General Holmes Drive (M1 east) – Botany, Randwick, Sydney Domestic Airport, Sydney CBDEastern terminus of M5 East Motorway and route M5, continues east as route M1 along General Holmes Drive;
No access to General Holmes Drive (south)
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "M5 Motorway" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Main Roads Act 1924". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 72. National Library of Australia. 30 June 1993. p. 3337. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e "M5 South Western Motorway: History and Development". Ozroads. Retrieved 8 September 2021.[self-published source]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "M5 South West motorway: Summary of contracts - Including motorway widening contracts, as at 25 June 2012" (PDF). NSW Treasury. Roads and Maritime Services. 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Metroad 5". Ozroads. Retrieved 10 June 2013.[self-published source]
  6. ^ State of New South Wales, An Act to provide for the better construction, maintenance, and financing of main roads; to provide for developmental roads; to constitute a Main Roads Board Archived 11 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine 10 November 1924
  7. ^ State of New South Wales, An Act to amend the Main Roads Act, 1924-1927; to confer certain further powers upon the Main Roads Board; to amend the Local Government Act, 1919, and certain other Acts; to validate certain payments and other matters; and for purposes connected therewith. Archived 12 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine 8 April 1929
  8. ^ Transport for NSW (August 2022). "Schedule of Classified Roads and Unclassified Regional Roads" (PDF). Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  9. ^ "M5 West widening: Building Sydney's Motorways". Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales.
  10. ^ "Belmore Road ramps". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  11. ^ a b "2020 Corporate Report" (PDF). Transurban. 2020. p. 110. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  12. ^ Witcomb, Graham (8 August 2019). "Transurban: result 2019". Intelligent Investor. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Transurban finalises Sydney Roads takover". The Australian. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Corporate Report" (PDF). Transurban. 2019. p. 95. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  15. ^ "Hungry Transurban mops up M5 minorities. Who's next?". Australian Financial Review. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  16. ^ "The end of an era: M5 south west motorway goes cashless". Transport for NSW. 4 March 2013.
  17. ^ Sikora, Kate (21 December 2011). "$400 million to widen the M5, Sydney's slowest motorway". Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  18. ^ a b "Transurban FY19 Result, M5 West Acquisition, $500m Placement and SPP" (PDF). Transurban. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  19. ^ "Transurban is buying 51% of the WestConnex toll road for $9.26 billion". Business Insider. 31 August 2018. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  20. ^ "WestConnex Acquisition Transurban equity raising" (PDF). Transurban. August 2018. p. 49. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Toll costs by road". NSW Government. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  22. ^ "What is my vehicle class?". Linkt. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  23. ^ "When and how do toll prices increase". Linkt. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  24. ^ "Road tolling in New South Wales" (PDF). New South Wales Parliament. Portfolio Committee No.2 – Health and Community Services. October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  25. ^ "M5 South West motorway: Summary of contracts - Including motorway widening contracts, as at 25 June 2012" (PDF). NSW Treasury. Roads and Maritime Services. 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  26. ^ "Proposed M5 East Motorway - Fairford Road to General Holmes Drive - Environmental Impact Assessment 1994" (PDF). OpenGov NSW. Roads and Traffic Authority. June 1994. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  27. ^ "Supplement to M5 East Motorway - Environmental Impact Assessment" (PDF). OpenGov NSW. Roads and Traffic Authority. December 1996. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  28. ^ a b "M5 East". M5 East. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  29. ^ South Eastern Sydney Public Health Unit & NSW Department of Health, M5 East Tunnels Air Quality Monitoring Project Report July 2003, page 50.
  30. ^ a b Besser, Linton; Robinson, Georgina (23 September 2008). "Millions lost in the M5 black hole". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2008.
  31. ^ "Road number and name changes in NSW" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  32. ^ "M5 East operation and maintenance contract". Transport for NSW - Roads and Waterways. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  33. ^ "M5 East". WestConnex. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  34. ^ "WestConnex New M5 - Environmental Impact Statement - Chapter 4". WestConnex. November 2015. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  35. ^ "Toll gantry installation at the King Georges Road on and off ramps". The Leader. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  36. ^ a b "Tolling". WestConnex. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  37. ^ "Sydney Motorways Toll Calculator". Transport for NSW. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  38. ^ "Toll costs by road". NSW Government. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  39. ^ "What is my vehicle class?". Linkt. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  40. ^ "When and how do toll prices increase". Linkt. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Road tolling in New South Wales" (PDF). New South Wales Parliament. Portfolio Committee No.2 – Health and Community Services. October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
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