Malalignment of the nail plate, also known as congenital malalignment of the great toenails or congenital malalignment syndrome, is a congenital malalignment of the nail of the great toe, and is often misdiagnosed although it is a common condition.[1]: 659–60 It most commonly affects the halluces. The nail might be discolored and develop infections. If the misaligned nail becomes embedded in the lateral nail fold it can cause pain, inflammation and erythema.
| Malalignment of the nail plate | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Congenital malalignment of the great toenails, congenital malalignment syndrome |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
The cause of malalignment of the nail plate is unknown. Both extrinsic and genetic factors are suggested to play a role. Malalignment of the nail plate has been reported in twins suggesting genetic factors. Extrinsic factors can include vascular anomalies during fetal life, higher intrauterine pressure, or constriction of the toes by amniotic bands. The diagnosis of malalignment of the nail plate involves clinical examination.
The course of treatment depends on how severe the malalignment is. Conservative treatment and managing complications is often the first choice as spontaneous realignment may occur up to 10 years of age. Surgery can correct or remove the nail.
Signs and symptoms
editMalalignment of the nail plate is defined by the nail plate's lateral deviation along the longitudinal axis as a result of the nail matrix's lateral rotation.[2] There have also been reports of median deviation.[3] Unilateral or bilateral malalignment most commonly affects the halluces, although it can also affect other toenails. The nail matrix experiences recurrent microtrauma, causing the nail plate to spread out in transverse ridges.[4] A common sign is discoloration, which might get worse due to bleeding or infection.[5]
Pseudomonas and/or fungus infections are frequent opportunistic infections of the nail plate. In many cases, the misaligned toenail becomes embedded in the lateral nail fold, causing pain, erythema, and inflammation. Another common consequence that worsens ingrowth is acute or chronic paronychia.[4]
Usually present from birth, the disorder may continue undiagnosed in cases of minor deviation until childhood or puberty, when mechanical stress from activities like dancing or active sports, wearing tight shoes, or other causes causes nail dystrophic alterations.[6]
Causes
editIt's yet unclear what causes malalignment. Both extrinsic and genetic factors, such as inherited embryological anomalies, have been taken into account.[7]
Nail dystrophy has been reported in monozygotic[8] and dizygotic twins,[9] as well as in multiple generations of a single family, which tends to point to the involvement of genetic elements.[10] An autosomal dominant transmission with varying expressivity has been proposed as a potential mechanism of transmission.[11]
Mechanism
editAlthough the precise mechanism of congenital malalignment is unknown, a number of theories have been proposed, including lateral rotation of the nail matrix, an anomaly in the ligament that joins the matrix to the distal phalanx's periosteum, and environmental factors.[4]
Increased tension in the extensor tendon of the hallux may play a major role in the pathogenesis of toenail malalignment. This tension pulls the lateral portion of the nail matrix proximally, which may cause a lateral rotation of the nail matrix and, as a result, a longitudinal displacement of the nail plate axis.[12]
According to a recent theory, the etiology could be caused by a desynchronization in the growth of the distal phalanx of the hallux and the nail, which leads to bigger nail plates that have to extend laterally in order to fit into the underlying bony space.[12][4]
It's also feasible that the dystrophy results from a combination of chronic neonatal trauma effects and genetically caused toenail malalignment.[13][8] Extrinsic factors can include vascular anomalies during fetal life, higher intrauterine pressure, or constriction of the toes by amniotic bands.[14]
Diagnosis
editThe alignment of the great toenail and the digit itself should be assessed in patients with great toenail dystrophy. A diagnosis of classic malalignment of the nail plate is made by physically evaluating the misalignment of the nail unit in the context of a normally aligned digit.[15]
In order to avoid mistakes and pointless therapies, a proper diagnosis is crucial. Onychomycosis, connective tissue diseases, tumors of the nail apparatus, and dermatoses involving the nails (such as psoriasis, lichen, and ectodermal dysplasia) are among the conditions included in the differential diagnosis.[5]
Treatment
editTreatment is determined by the degree of deviation.[16] A conservative and expectant attitude centered on prevention (e.g., wearing comfortable footwear) and treatment of complications is advised,[6] as spontaneous realignment may occur up to 10 years of age.[7][17]
Patients with a substantial deviation of the nail plate or early sequelae, such as recurring episodes of acute paronychia and/or infections, may be candidates for surgical therapy up to the age of two.[6][18] The primary course of treatment involves rotating the entire nail unit to permit the nail plate to develop parallel to the distal phalanx.[17]
Nail matrixectomy, which involves the total removal of the nail plate and matrix, effectively eliminates discomfort but may not be cosmetically appealing.[4] It has also been proposed to surgically elongate the phalanx's extensor tendon.[3][19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
- ^ SAMMAN, P.D. (1978). "Great toe nail dystrophy". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 3 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 81–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1978.tb01464.x. ISSN 0307-6938.
- ^ a b Baran, Robert (1987-04-01). "Congenital Malalignment of the Big Toenail: A New Subtype". Archives of Dermatology. 123 (4): 437. doi:10.1001/archderm.1987.01660280037019. ISSN 0003-987X.
- ^ a b c d e Decker, Ashley; Scher, Richard K.; Avarbock, Andrew (2015). "Acquired Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails". Skin Appendage Disorders. 1 (3). S. Karger AG: 147–149. doi:10.1159/000441391. ISSN 2296-9195. PMC 4857820. PMID 27171597.
- ^ a b Perlis, Clifford S.; Telang, Gladys H. (2005). "Congenital malalignment of the great toenails mimicking onychomycosis". The Journal of Pediatrics. 146 (4). Elsevier BV: 575. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.038. ISSN 0022-3476. PMID 15812471.
- ^ a b c Wagner, Gunnar; Sachse, Michael Max (2011-11-25). "Congenital malalignment of the big toe nail". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 10 (5). Wiley: 326–330. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07848.x. ISSN 1610-0379.
- ^ a b Batalla, Ana; Curto, Jose R (2014). "Congenital malalignment of the great toenail. Report of two cases". Dermatology Online Journal. 20 (1). doi:10.5070/D3201021251. ISSN 1087-2108.
- ^ a b Barth, J. H. (1986-04-01). "Congenital Malalignment of Great Toenails in Two Sets of Monozygotic Twins". Archives of Dermatology. 122 (4): 379. doi:10.1001/archderm.1986.01660160029011. ISSN 0003-987X.
- ^ Kus, Sadiye; Tahmaz, Ela; Gurunluoglu, Rafi; Candan, İnci; Uygur, Tulin (2005). "Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails in Dizygotic Twins". Pediatric Dermatology. 22 (5). Wiley: 434–435. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.00110.x. ISSN 0736-8046.
- ^ HARPER, K.J.; BEER, W.E. (1986). "Congenital malalignment of the great toe-nails-an inherited condition". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 11 (5). Oxford University Press (OUP): 514–516. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1986.tb00500.x. ISSN 0307-6938.
- ^ Özdemir, Esin; Bostanci, Seher; Akyol, Aynur; Ekmekci, Pelin; Gürgey, Erbak (2005). "Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails in a Pair of Monozygotic Twins". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 95 (4). American Podiatric Medical Association: 398–400. doi:10.7547/0950398. ISSN 8750-7315.
- ^ a b Chaniotakis, Ioannis; Bonitsis, Nicolaos; Stergiopoulou, Christina; Kiorpelidou, Despoina; Bassukas, Ioannis D. (2007). "Dizygotic twins with congenital malalignment of the great toenails: Reappraisal of the pathogenesis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 57 (4). Elsevier BV: 711–715. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.05.033. ISSN 0190-9622.
- ^ Kim, Miri; Kang, Jin Hee; Cho, Baik Kee; Song, Chan Hee; Ock, Sun Myeong; Park, Hyun Jeong (2015). "Great Toenail Dystrophy: A Single-Center Experience and Review of the Literature". Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 36 (2). The Korean Academy of Family Medicine: 113. doi:10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.2.113. ISSN 2005-6443.
- ^ Baden, Howard P.; Mizner, Richard (2003). "Association of congenital malalignment of the nail and a constricting band of a digit". Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 67 (3). Wiley: 202. doi:10.1002/bdra.10017. ISSN 1542-0752. PMID 12797462.
- ^ Buttars, Benjamin; Scott, Steven Gates; Glinka, Danielle; Daniel, C. Ralph; Brodell, Robert T.; Braswell, Mark A. (2022). "Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenail, the Disappearing Nail Bed, and Distal Phalanx Deviation: A Review". Skin Appendage Disorders. 8 (1): 8–12. doi:10.1159/000518477. ISSN 2296-9195. PMC 8787503. PMID 35111817.
- ^ Richert, B; Choffray, A; De La Brassinne, M (2008-11-06). "Cosmetic surgery for congenital nail deformities". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 7 (4). Wiley: 304–308. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00410.x. ISSN 1473-2130. PMID 19146608.
- ^ a b Catalfo, Piera; Musumeci, Maria Letizia; Lacarrubba, Francesco; Dinotta, Franco; Micali, Giuseppe (2018). "Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails: A Review". Skin Appendage Disorders. 4 (4). S. Karger AG: 230–235. doi:10.1159/000484943. ISSN 2296-9195. PMC 6219217. PMID 30410889.
- ^ Balci, Sevim; Bostanci, Seher; Ekmekci, Pelin; Cebeci, Ilker; Bokesoy, Işik; Bartsch, Oliver; Gurgey, Erbak (2004). "A 15-Year-Old Boy with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome Associated with Severe Congenital Malalignment of the Toenails". Pediatric Dermatology. 21 (1). Wiley: 44–47. doi:10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21108.x. ISSN 0736-8046. PMID 14871325.
- ^ BARAN, ROBERT; HANEKE, ECKART (1998). "Etiology and Treatment of Nail Malalignment". Dermatologic Surgery. 24 (7). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 719–721. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04239.x. ISSN 1076-0512. PMID 9693664.
Further reading
edit- Domínguez-Cherit, Judith; Lima-Galindo, Anabell Andrea (2021-03-18). "Congenital malalignment of the great toenail: Conservative and definitive treatment". Pediatric Dermatology. 38 (3). Wiley: 555–560. doi:10.1111/pde.14548. ISSN 0736-8046. PMID 33738847.
- Buttars, Benjamin; Braswell, Mark A.; Huynh, Thy; Badon, Hannah; Daniel, C. Ralph; Brodell, Robert T. (2021). "Congenital malalignment of the great toenail and onychomadesis in monozygotic twins". JAAD Case Reports. 14. Elsevier BV: 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.05.027. ISSN 2352-5126. PMC 8249844. PMID 34235239.