Malik Ahmed Ayāz bin Aymāq Abu'n-Najm (Persian: ملک احمد ایاز بن ایماق ابن نجم; d. 1041), was a slave from Georgia[1][2] who rose to the rank of officer and general in the army of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. He was later awarded the governorship of Lahore thus becoming the first Muslim viceroy of the city. Malik Ayaz's generalship to Mahmud inspired poems and stories,[3] and caused Muslim historians and Sufis to commemorate Malik Ayaz due to his unwavering feudalistic loyalty to Mahmud Ghaznavi.[citation needed] He was found dead in his bed in 1041, with suspicions of foul play being involved.[4]
| Ahmed Ayaz | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malik (Lord) | |||||
 Ayaz standing behind Sultan Mahmud shaking hands with the Sheykh. The figure to his right is Shah Abbas I who reigned about 600 years later.
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran | |||||
| Ghaznavid Governor of Lahore | |||||
| Reign | 1021 – 8 August 1041 | ||||
| Predecessor | Position established | ||||
| Successor | Majdud Ghaznavi | ||||
| Born | c. 993 Kingdom of Abkhazia (present day Georgia) | ||||
| Died | 8 August 1041 Lahore, Ghaznavid Empire (present day Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) | ||||
| Burial | Tomb of Malik Ahmed Ayaz, Walled City, Lahore | ||||
| |||||
| Father | Aymaq Abu'n Najm | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
| Military career | |||||
| Allegiance |  Ghaznavid Empire | ||||
| Service | Ghaznavid Army | ||||
| Rank | Wali, Malik, Ghulam, Mamluk | ||||
| Battles / wars |
| ||||
Early life and feudal career
editIn 1021, the Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi raised Ayaz to Lordship, awarding him the throne of Lahore, which the Sultan had taken after a long siege and a fierce battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, he rebuilt and repopulated the city. He also added many important features, such as a masonry fort, which he built in the period of 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one, demolished in the fighting, and city gates (as recorded by Munshi Sujan Rae Bhandari, author of the Khulasatut Tawarikh (1596 C.E.). The present Lahore Fort is built in the same location. Under his rule the city became a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry.[citation needed]
The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal area of Lahore. The tomb and the garden was destroyed by the Sikhs during their rule of Lahore and the tomb was rebuilt after the Partition of India.[citation needed]
Relationship with Mahmud of Ghazni
edit
From Six poems by Farid al-Din 'Attar; Southern Iran, 1472;
British Library, London
The nature of the relationship between Mahmud and Ayaz is disputed. Some sources written several centuries later, particularly from Persian poetry,[5] state that the two men were lovers.[6] However, contemporary Ghaznavid authors like Al Biruni, Gardizi, Farrukhi and Bayhaqi make no mention of a romantic relationship between Mahmud and Ayaz,[7] rather describing Ayaz as either a commander, a noble or a close associate of Sultan Mahmud.[7] Nizami Aruzi, writing roughly a century after the death of Mahmud, presents an alternative narrative about the relationship between Mahmud and Ayaz in his book Chahar Maqala, where they are not lovers, although Mahmud still is in love with Ayaz. Aruzi tells a highly dramatized story in which Mahmud, due to being a pious Muslim, suppresses his feelings and refuses to act upon them, resulting in an incident in which Mahmud orders Ayaz to cut off his tresses, so that he would less attracted to him thus be able to better restrain himself from committing a sin.[8]
Malik Ayaz in Sufism
editAmjad Farid Sabri, the slain Qawwal of Pakistan performed a song dedicated to Malik Ayaz, which praises the man for his feudalistic loyalty to Mahmud of Ghazni, the song also mentions Ajmer Sharif Dargah and how it attracts female devotees with the same devotion.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Allsen, Thomas. The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. p. 264.
- ^ Pearson, Michael Naylor. Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. p. 67.
- ^ Ritter 2003, p. 309–310.
- ^ Sheikh, Majid (August 20, 2017). "Myths and mysteries of Ayaz, the slave from Lahore". DAWN.com. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
- ^ Matīnī, Jalal. "AYĀZ, ABU'L-NAJM". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- ^ Matthewson-Grand, Alisha. "Queer History: a tour of gender and identity through time and culture". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- ^ a b Raza, S. Jabir (2011). "MAHMUD'S AYAZ IN HISTORY". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 286–293. ISSN 2249-1937.
- ^ Aruzi, Nizami (1921). Revised Translation of the Chahar Maqala. Translated by Edward G. Browne. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
Bibliography
edit- Ritter, Hellmut (2003). Handbook of Oriental studies: Near and Middle East. Vol. 69. Brill.