Manganese(II,III) oxide

Manganese(II,III) oxide
Names
	IUPAC name manganese(II) dimanganese(III) oxide
	Other names Manganese tetroxide; Manganese oxide, Manganomanganic oxide, Trimanganese tetraoxide, Trimanganese tetroxide
Identifiers
CAS Number	1317-35-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ECHA InfoCard	100.013.879
PubChem CID	14825;
RTECS number	OP0895000;
UNII	70N6PQL9JS ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9051660 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/3Mn.4O Key: GVNFAUMGUISVJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [Mn]=O.O=[Mn]O[Mn]=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	Mn3O4; MnO·Mn2O3
Molar mass	228.812 g/mol
Appearance	brownish-black powder
Density	4.86 g/cm3
Melting point	1,567 °C (2,853 °F; 1,840 K)
Boiling point	2,847 °C (5,157 °F; 3,120 K)
Solubility in water	insoluble
Solubility	soluble in HCl
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	+12,400·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Crystal structure	Spinel (tetragonal), tI28
Space group	I41/amd, No. 141
Hazards
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	C 5 mg/m3
REL (Recommended)	None established
IDLH (Immediate danger)	N.D.
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	149 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−1387 kJ·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Manganese(II,III) oxide is the chemical compound with formula Mn₃O₄. Manganese is present in two oxidation states +2 and +3 and the formula is sometimes written as MnO·Mn₂O₃. Mn₃O₄ is found in nature as the mineral hausmannite.

Preparation

Mn₃O₄ formed when any manganese oxide is heated in air above 1000 °C.^[3] Considerable research has centred on producing nanocrystalline Mn₃O₄ and various syntheses that involve oxidation of Mn^II or reduction of Mn^VI.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Reactions

Mn₃O₄ has been found to act as a catalyst for a range of reactions e.g. the oxidation of methane and carbon monoxide;^[7]^[8] the decomposition of NO,^[9] the reduction of nitrobenzene^[10] and the catalytic combustion of organic compounds.^[11]

Structure

Mn₃O₄ has the spinel structure, where the oxide ions are cubic close packed and the Mn^II occupy tetrahedral sites and the Mn^III octahedral sites.^[3] The structure is distorted due to the Jahn–Teller effect.^[3] At room temperature Mn₃O₄ is paramagnetic, below 41-43 K, it is ferrimagnetic^[12] although this has been reported as reducing in nanocrystalline samples to around 39 K.^[13]

Uses

Mn₃O₄ is sometimes used as a starting material in the production of soft ferrites e.g. manganese zinc ferrite,^[14] and lithium manganese oxide, used in lithium batteries.^[15]

Manganese tetroxide can also be used as a weighting agent while drilling reservoir sections in oil and gas wells.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0381". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Hausmannite Mn₃O₄ nanorods: synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties Jin Du et al. Nanotechnology, (2006),17 4923-4928, doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/19/024
^ One-step synthesis of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles: Structural and magnetic study Vázquez-Olmos A., Redón R, Rodríguez-Gattorno G., Mata-Zamora M.E., Morales-Leal F, Fernández-Osorio A.L, Saniger J.M. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 291, 1, (2005), 175-180 doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.005
^ Use of Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres as Templates for Fabricating Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres Xiaoming Sun, Junfeng Liu, Yadong Li, Chemistry - A European Journal,(2005), 12, 7, 2039 – 2047, doi:10.1002/chem.200500660
^ The reduction and oxidation behaviour of manganese oxides Stobhe E.R, de Boer A.D., Geus J.W., Catalysis Today. (1999), 47, 161–167. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00296-X
^ An in situ XRD investigation of singly and doubly promoted manganese oxide methane coupling catalysts.Moggridge G.D, Rayment T, Lambert R.M. Journal of Catalysis, (1992), 134, 242–252, doi:10.1016/0021-9517(92)90225-7
^ NO Decomposition over Mn₂O₃ and Mn₃O₄. Yamashita T, Vannice A., Journal of Catalysis (1996),163, 158–168, doi:10.1006/jcat.1996.0315
^ Selective reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene over different kinds of trimanganese tetroxide catalysts.Wang W.M., Yang Y.N., Zhang J.Y., Applied Catalysis A. (1995), 133, 1, 81–93 doi:10.1016/0926-860X(95)00186-7
^ Catalytic combustion of C3 hydrocarbons and oxygenates over Mn₃O₄. Baldi M, Finocchio E, Milella F, Busca G., Applied Catalysis B. (1998), 16, 1, 43–51, doi:10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00061-1
^ Magnetic Structure of Mn₃O₄ by Neutron Diffraction Boucher B., Buhl R., Perrin M., J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1615 (1971); doi:10.1063/1.1660364
^ Synthesis of superparamagnetic Mn₃O₄ nanocrystallites by ultrasonic irradiation I.K. Gopalakrishnan, N. Bagkar, R. Ganguly and S.K. Kulshreshtha Journal of Crystal Growth 280, 3-4, (2005), 436-441, doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.03.060
^ Method of making manganese-zinc ferrite U.S Patent number: 4093688 (1978) Arthur Withop, Roger Emil Travagli
^ Process for preparing lithium manganese oxides, U.S Patent number: 6706443,(2004), Horst Krampitz, Gerhard Wohner

[PGCH-1] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0381". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[b1-2] Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.

[Greenwood-3] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[4] Hausmannite Mn₃O₄ nanorods: synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties Jin Du et al. Nanotechnology, (2006),17 4923-4928, doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/19/024

[5] One-step synthesis of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles: Structural and magnetic study Vázquez-Olmos A., Redón R, Rodríguez-Gattorno G., Mata-Zamora M.E., Morales-Leal F, Fernández-Osorio A.L, Saniger J.M. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 291, 1, (2005), 175-180 doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.005

[6] Use of Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres as Templates for Fabricating Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres Xiaoming Sun, Junfeng Liu, Yadong Li, Chemistry - A European Journal,(2005), 12, 7, 2039 – 2047, doi:10.1002/chem.200500660

[7] The reduction and oxidation behaviour of manganese oxides Stobhe E.R, de Boer A.D., Geus J.W., Catalysis Today. (1999), 47, 161–167. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00296-X

[8] An in situ XRD investigation of singly and doubly promoted manganese oxide methane coupling catalysts.Moggridge G.D, Rayment T, Lambert R.M. Journal of Catalysis, (1992), 134, 242–252, doi:10.1016/0021-9517(92)90225-7

[9] NO Decomposition over Mn₂O₃ and Mn₃O₄. Yamashita T, Vannice A., Journal of Catalysis (1996),163, 158–168, doi:10.1006/jcat.1996.0315

[10] Selective reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene over different kinds of trimanganese tetroxide catalysts.Wang W.M., Yang Y.N., Zhang J.Y., Applied Catalysis A. (1995), 133, 1, 81–93 doi:10.1016/0926-860X(95)00186-7

[11] Catalytic combustion of C3 hydrocarbons and oxygenates over Mn₃O₄. Baldi M, Finocchio E, Milella F, Busca G., Applied Catalysis B. (1998), 16, 1, 43–51, doi:10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00061-1

[12] Magnetic Structure of Mn₃O₄ by Neutron Diffraction Boucher B., Buhl R., Perrin M., J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1615 (1971); doi:10.1063/1.1660364

[13] Synthesis of superparamagnetic Mn₃O₄ nanocrystallites by ultrasonic irradiation I.K. Gopalakrishnan, N. Bagkar, R. Ganguly and S.K. Kulshreshtha Journal of Crystal Growth 280, 3-4, (2005), 436-441, doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.03.060

[14] Method of making manganese-zinc ferrite U.S Patent number: 4093688 (1978) Arthur Withop, Roger Emil Travagli

[15] Process for preparing lithium manganese oxides, U.S Patent number: 6706443,(2004), Horst Krampitz, Gerhard Wohner

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]