South Sudan is one of the African countries known as an important oil producer, whereas, South Sudan also has mineral resources like copper, gold, diamonds, limestone among others. Government is promoting investment particularly in exploration and also developing the mining projects in South Sudan.[1]
The mining industry of South Sudan started operating from the time South Sudan became a regional government of Sudan in 2005. Its inheritance was a well developed petroleum industry with an extensive network of pipelines passing through Sudan. However, contractual allotments in mining lacked any form of regulatory framework, resulting in the legislative assembly imposing a moratorium on mining licenses in November 2010. With independence in 2011, the petroleum industry was halted. Subsequent to this event, interest in mining non-fuel minerals has emerged and a new Mining Act has come into effect from December 2012.[2]
History
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Oil resources are known in the area of Bentiu while potential reserves have been identified in Jonglei, Warrap, and Lakes. Block 5A is one of the country's oil concessions. After oil production began during the Second Sudanese Civil War, extensive fighting took place there.[3] Other oilfields include Adar, Fula, Palogue, and Unity.[4] The Greater Nile Oil Pipeline begins in the Unity oilfield and extends to the Port Sudan crude oil refinery on the Red Sea.[5]
Production and impact
editIn 2011, petroleum extraction accounted for 98% of the country's exports and contributed to 60.2% of gross domestic product, but in the following year production declined drastically to about 14%. Other minerals produced consisted of gold and quarry materials for construction such as brick clay.[6]
In the late 1970s, a mineral exploration programme into metallic, radioactive, and industrial minerals took place throughout an area of 25,000 square kilometres in the Juba region of the Eastern Equatoria state. Gold prospecting has been undertaken since 2008 in Luri area under a contract with Gold and Consolidated Minerals and Energy Resource Investment Company Equator Gold, a British company. Gold is extracted by artisanal miners at Nanakanek. Following a dispute with Sudan on additional compensation per barrel as pipe line transit charges, the Government of South Sudan closed down its crude petroleum by the end of January 2012.[6]
Gold, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, marble, and various rare earth metals were discovered but quantification was not done.[6] Prospects for diamonds, gold, chromite, copper, uranium, manganese and iron ore are optimistic.[7]
Oil production was slated for a restart in December 2012 and achieved a production rate of 230,000 barrels per day.[7] According to World Bank's assessment, by 2034 there will be very few resources left to extract.[8]
Legal framework
editDue to the lack of a regulatory framework, the government of South Sudan imposed a moratorium on the issue of mining licences in 2010.[2] The Mining Act of 2012 has since come into force and is the "framework for the management of South Sudan’s mining sector with international standards, including licensing, environmental protection guidelines and the use of technology to ensure as much Mineral Resources as possible are recovered from the ground."[9] A drafting Policy Framework for the Minerals and Mining Sector, 2013 was under process of approval by the parliament.[8]
References
edit- ^ "mining in south sudan - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
- ^ a b "Establishing a Mining Sector in Postwar South Sudan" (PDF). United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ Rone 2003, pp. 14.
- ^ "Fact Sheet Two: A History of Oil in the Sudan" (PDF). Understanding Sudan. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ "Sudan: Oil and gas concession holders' (map)" (PDF). University of Texas Library. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ a b c Yager, Thomas R. (February 2014). "2012 Minerals 2012 Minerals Yearbook: South Sudan [Advance Release]" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior:U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ a b "World: Gold fever sweeps South Sudan ahead of new mining law". reuters.com. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Policy Brief: South Sudan's Mining Policy and Resource Curse" (PDF). The SUDd Institute. 22 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ "South Sudan Mining Act 2012". aamig.com. 3 December 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
Bibliography
edit- Rone, Jemera (2003). Sudan, oil, and human rights. Human Rights Watch. p. 8. ISBN 1-56432-291-2.