Moly ([mɔːly] MAW-lee)[a] is a magical herb mentioned in book 10 of Homer's Odyssey.[1]
In Greek myth
editIn Homer's Odyssey, Hermes gave his herb to Odysseus to protect him from Circe's poison and magic when he went to her palace to rescue his friends.[2] These friends came together with him from the island Aeolus after they escaped from the Laestrygonians.
According to the "New History" of Ptolemy Hephaestion (according to Photius) and Eustathius, the plant mentioned by Homer grew from the blood of the Giant Picolous killed on Circe's island, by Helios, father and ally of Circe, when the Giant tried to attack Circe. In this description the flower had a black root, for the colour of the blood of the slain Giant, and a white flower, either for the white Sun that killed him, or the fact that Circe had grown pale with terror. A derivation of the name was given, from the "hard" (Greek malos) combat with the Giant.[3][4][5]
Homer also describes moly by saying "The root was black, while the flower was as white as milk; the gods call it Moly, Dangerous for a mortal man to pluck from the soil, but not for the deathless gods. All lies within their power".[6] So Ovid describes in book 14 of his Metamorphoses: "A white bloom with a root of black".
Assignment to a real species
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There has been much controversy as to the identification, and some authors point out that as a fictional element of the story, it does not necessarily correspond to any real plant.
Kurt Sprengel believed that the plant is identical to Allium nigrum as Homer describes it.[7] Some also believe that it may have been Allium moly, instead, which is named after the mythical herb. Philippe Champault decides in favour of the Peganum harmala (of the family Nitrariaceae),[9] the Syrian or African rue (Greek πἠγανον), from the seeds and roots of which the vegetable alkaloid harmaline is extracted. The flowers are white with green stripes. Victor Bérard (1906)[8] relying partly on a Semitic root,[10] prefers the Atriplex halimus[b] family Amaranthaceae – a herb or low shrub common on the south European coasts. These identifications are noticed by R. M. Henry (1906),[12] who illustrates the Homeric account by passages in the Paris and Leiden magical papyri, and argues that moly is probably a magical name, derived perhaps from Phoenician or Egyptian sources, for a plant which cannot be certainly identified. He shows that the "difficulty of pulling up" the plant is not a merely physical one, but rather connected with the peculiar powers claimed by magicians.[12]
Medical historians have speculated that the transformation to pigs was not intended literally, but instead refers to anticholinergic intoxication whose symptoms include amnesia, hallucinations, and delusions.[13] This diagnosis would make "moly" align well with the snowdrop, a flower of the region that contains galantamine, an anticholinesterase that therefore might counteract anticholinergics. In 2024, a study suggested the possibility that the plant in question is, in fact, an ethnobotanical complex composed of several phylogenetically close species, which could have been used interchangeably due to their similar properties.[14]
In other works
edit- In Tennyson's The Lotos-Eaters, the moly is paired with the amaranth ("propt on beds of amaranth and moly").[15]
- Linnaeus identified the mythical plant with golden garlic (Allium moly), although the perianth of this species is yellow, not white.
- Thom Gunn made his poem Moly the title poem of his 1971 collection.[16]
- In John Lyly's play Gallathea, Diana instructs her nymphs to "think love like Homer's moly, a white leaf and a black root, a fair show, and a bitter taste."[17]
Footnotes
edit- ^ Greek: μῶλυ
- ^ Mediterranean saltbush or sea orache, Atriplex halimus from atriplex, a Latin form of Greek ἀτράφαξυς, and halimos ἅλιμος, "marine".
References
edit- ^ Chisholm (1911), p. 681 cites Homer. Odyssey. x. 302–306.
- ^ Chisholm (1911), p. 681
- ^ Eustathius, Ad Odysseam 10.305
- ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 4 Archived 2012-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rahner, Hugo. Greek Myths and Christian Mystery New York. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. 1971. pg. 204 Archived 2024-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Homer 1898, Book X.
- ^ Sprengel, K. (1817). Geschichte der Botanik (Erster Theil ed.). Brockhaus. Seite 37, 427, & IV. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-03-14 – via google books.
- ^ a b c Bérard, Victor (1906). Phéniciens et Grecs en Italie d'après l'Odyssée [Phoenicians and Greeks in Italy according to the Odyssey] (in French). pp. ii, 288 ff, 504 ff.
- ^ Chisholm (1911), p. 681 cites Bérard (1906).[8](pp 504 ff)
- ^ Chisholm (1911), p. 681 cites Bérard (1906).[8](p ii. 288 ff)
- ^ Henry, R.M. (December 1906). "On Plants of the Odyssey". Classical Review. 20 (9): 434. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00995209. S2CID 163788811. Archived from the original on 2024-04-29. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ a b Chisholm (1911), p. 681 cites Henry (1906)[11]
- ^ Plaitakis, Andreas & Duvoisin, Roger C. (1983). "Homer's moly identified as Galanthus nivalis (L.): Physiologic antidote to stramonium poisoning". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 6 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1097/00002826-198303000-00001. PMID 6342763. S2CID 19839512.
- ^ Molina-Venegas, R. & Verano, R. (2024) The quest for Homer's moly: exploring the potential of an early ethnobotanical complex. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 20, 11.
- ^ Chisholm (1911), p. 681.
- ^ Gunn, Thom (4 June 2022). "Moly". Poetryfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "Gallathea". Folger Shakespeare Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
Sources
edit- Homer (1898). The Odyssey. Translated by Butler, Samuel. . Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Moly". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 681.
External links
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Media related to Moly at Wikimedia Commons