Moraxella osloensis is a Gram-negative oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium within the family Moraxellaceae in the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria.[1]
| Moraxella osloensis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Pseudomonadales |
| Family: | Moraxellaceae |
| Genus: | Moraxella |
| Species: | M. osloensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Moraxella osloensis Bøvre and Henriksen 1967 (Approved Lists 1980)
| |
Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.[1] In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors M. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.[1]
Lifecycle
editThis bacterium has been identified as one of the natural symbionts of a bacteria-feeding nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), which is an endoparasite of slugs, including the slug Deroceras reticulatum[1] (grey garden slug) which is one of the most serious agricultural and garden slug pests.[2]
In nature, bacteria colonize the gut of nematode-infective juveniles which represent a specialized stage of development adapted for survival in the unfavorable environment.[1] The infective juveniles seek out and enter the slug's shell cavity through the posterior mantle region.[1] Once inside the shell cavity, the bacteria are released, and the infective juveniles resume growth, feeding on the multiplying bacteria.[1] The infected slugs die in 4–10 days, and the nematodes colonize the entire carcass and produce next-generation infective juveniles, which leave the carcass to seek a new host.[1] The bacteria are responsible for killing the slugs; nematodes without bacteria do not cause death.[2]
Biochemistry
editThe lipopolysaccharide, that is an endotoxin, from M. osloensis is a molluscicide for Deroceras reticulatum when applied by injection.[3]
The lethality of these nematodes to slugs has been shown to correlate with the number of M. osloensis cells carried by infective juveniles.[1] Tan and Grewal (2001)[2] demonstrated that the 72-hour-old M. osloensis cultures inoculated into the shell cavity were highly pathogenic to the slug.[1] They further reported that M. osloensis produced an endotoxin which was identified to be a rough type lipopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 5300 KD, and the purified lipopolysaccharide was toxic to the slug with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 48 μg when injected into the shell cavity.[1]
Infections of humans
editAlthough M. osloensis rarely infects humans, it can sometimes be found in a variety of tissues, where it sometimes causes disease.[4][5] Antibiotics[which?] are usually effective against such infections.[5]
Odor
editMoraxella osloensis has been found to be responsible for locker-room smell or shower-curtain odor.[6]
Classification
editThe species M. osloensis was proposed in 1967; the bacteria which are now considered to be M. osloensis would previously have been considered to be Moraxella nonliquefaciens or Mima polymorpha (var.) oxidans.[5]
See also
editReferences
editThis article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.[1]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l An, Ruisheng; Sreevatsan, Srinand; Grewal, Parwinder S (2008). "Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum". BMC Microbiology. 8: 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-19. PMC 2266756. PMID 18226222.
- ^ a b c Tan, L.; Grewal, P. S. (2001). "Pathogenicity of Moraxella osloensis, a Bacterium Associated with the Nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, to the Slug Deroceras reticulatum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (11): 5010–6. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.11.5010-5016.2001. PMC 93264. PMID 11679319.
- ^ Tan L, Grewal PS (2003). "Characterization of the first molluscicidal lipopolysaccharide from Moraxella osloensis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (6): 3646–9. doi:10.1128/aem.69.6.3646-3649.2003. PMC 161526. PMID 12788774.
- ^ Han, Xiang Y.; Tarrand, Jeffrey J. (2004). "Moraxella osloensis Blood and Catheter Infections During Anticancer Chemotherapy: Clinical and Microbiologic Studies of 10 Cases". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 121 (4): 581–7. doi:10.1309/QBB3-AVCM-GWA3-K1XK. PMID 15080311.
- ^ a b c Sugarman B, Clarridge J (1982). "Osteomyelitis caused by Moraxella osloensis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 15 (6): 1148–9. doi:10.1128/jcm.15.6.1148-1149.1982. PMC 272268. PMID 7107844.
- ^ Kubota, H.; Mitani, A.; Niwano, Y.; Takeuchi, K.; Tanaka, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Kawamura, Y.; Hitomi, J. (2012). "Moraxella Species Are Primarily Responsible for Generating Malodor in Laundry". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (9): 3317–24. doi:10.1128/AEM.07816-11. PMC 3346475. PMID 22367080.
Further reading
edit- Crawford RL, Hutton SW, Chapman PJ (1975). "Purification and properties of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Moraxella osloensis". Journal of Bacteriology. 121 (3): 794–9. doi:10.1128/jb.121.3.794-799.1975. PMC 246005. PMID 234947.
- Tessler, M.; Dascal, A.; Gioseffini, S.; Miller, M.; Mendelson, J. (1992). "Growth curves of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Moraxella osloensis in propofol and other media". Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 39 (5 Pt 1): 509–11. doi:10.1007/BF03008718. PMID 1534525.
- Feigin RD, San Joaquin V, Middelkamp JN (1969). "Septic arthritis due to Moraxella osloensis". The Journal of Pediatrics. 75 (1): 116–7. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(69)80109-5. PMID 5790392.
- Juni E (1974). "Simple genetic transformation assay for rapid diagnosis of Moraxella osloensis". Applied Microbiology. 27 (1): 16–24. doi:10.1128/am.27.1.16-24.1974. PMC 379961. PMID 4589126.
- Shah, S. S.; Ruth, A.; Coffin, S. E. (2000). "Infection Due to Moraxella osloensis: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 30 (1): 179–81. doi:10.1086/313595. JSTOR 4482139. PMID 10619749.
- Vandamme, P.; Gillis, M.; Vancanneyt, M.; Hoste, B.; Kersters, K.; Falsen, E. (1993). "Moraxella lincolnii sp. nov., Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract, and Reevaluation of the Taxonomic Position of Moraxella osloensis". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 43 (3): 474–81. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-3-474. PMID 8347507.
- Buchman, Alan L.; Pickett, M.John; Mann, Linda; Ament, Marvin E. (1993). "Central venous catheter infection caused by Moraxella osloensis in a patient receiving home parenteral nutrition". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 17 (2): 163–6. doi:10.1016/0732-8893(93)90028-6. PMID 8243038.