Nawidemak was a queen regnant of Kush who probably ruled in the first half of the 1st century AD.[1] She is known from the wall relief of her burial chamber, as well as a gold plaque.
| Nawidemak | |
|---|---|
| Kushite Queen of Meroe | |
.jpg) Depiction of Nawidemak in her tomb | |
| Reign | First half of the 1st century AD (?) |
| Predecessor | Unknown king (Bar. 2) (?) |
| Successor | Amanikhabale |
| Burial | Meroe (Bar. 6) |
Biography
editNawidemak was a ruler of the Kingdom of Kush, either from the 1st century BC,[2] or 1st century AD.[1][3] Objects from the late reign of Roman emperor Augustus or even later, found in Nawidemak's tomb, support the later date.[1]
Nawidemak is known from the wall relief of her burial chamber at (Bar. 6), which shows her wearing the royal coat, sash and tasselled cord; these elements are more commonly shown with male rulers of Kush.[2] Both the fastening knot on her coat, and on the cord feature a couchant animal, which is another symbol of royalty. This symbol makes its latest appearance in Nawidemak's relief, having been used in Kushite designs since the 3rd century BC. In the relief, she wears the crown of Osiris on her head.[4]
On the northern wall of the chamber, Nawidemak is shown with a long skirt and with bare breasts, which is symbolic of her fertility and as the mother of another ruler.[2] A gold tablet referring to Nawidemak is included in the collection of the Allen Memorial Art Museum in Oberlin, Ohio.[5] Nawidemak is assumed to have been the mother of Amanikhabale; if true, Amanikhabale was likely her direct successor on the throne.[6]
Because her pyramid was built at Gebel Barkal, instead of Meroe as was customary at the time, there may have been a change of dynasty at this time.[7]
Nawidemak was a female ruler of Kush, known as a kandake. These rulers are each referred to in the New Testament of the Bible, without differentiation between them. Based on the idea that she ruled during the 1st Century AD, Nawidemak is thought to be the Kandake referred to in the eighth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles,[3] whose treasurer was converted to Christianity by Philip the Evangelist.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 5.
- ^ a b c Harkless, Necia Desiree (2006). Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings : The Kingdom of Kush. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-425944-964.
- ^ a b Bock, Darrell L.; Fanning, Buist M., eds. (2006). Interpreting the New Testament Text : Introduction to the Art and Science of Greek Exegesis. Wheaton: Crossway Books. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-1-433500-442.
- ^ Török, László (1998). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. New York: Brill. pp. 459–460. ISBN 978-9-004104-488.
- ^ Janssen, Jac. J. (1972). Annual Egyptological Bibliography. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 110.
- ^ Eide, Tormod; Hägg, Tomas; Holton Pierce, Richard; Török, László (1996). Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD: Vol. II: From the Mid-Fifth to the First Century BC. University of Bergen. p. 836. ISBN 82-91626-01-4.
- ^ Haynes, Joyce; Santini-Ritt, Mimi (2012). "Women in Ancient Nubia". In Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salma; D'Auria, Sue (eds.). Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 182.