Operation Raviv (Hebrew: רביב, Drizzle), also known in Egypt as the Zaafarana accident (Arabic: حادثة الزعفرانة)[2] or the Ten-Hour War, was a mounted raid conducted by the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) on Egypt's Red Sea coast during the War of Attrition. Taking place on September 9, 1969, Raviv was the sole major ground offensive undertaken by the IDF against Egypt throughout the war. The operation saw Israeli forces masquerading as Egyptian troops and using captured Arab armor.[1][3]
| Operation Raviv | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War of Attrition | |||||||
 Israeli Tiran-5 (T-55) at Latrun | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Israel |
 Egypt | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Haim Bar Lev Avraham Adan Avraham Botzer | Ahmad Ismail Ali | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
3 killed 1 missing | 100–200 killed[1] | ||||||
Background
editAs the War of Attrition raged along the Suez Canal in the summer of 1969, Israel was hard-pressed to find a solution to Egypt's superiority in both manpower and artillery. With Operation Boxer it had begun employing the Israeli Air Force as "flying artillery", yet these operations were under the constant threat of expanding Egyptian air defences. Furthermore, the static nature of the war meant not all of Israel's assets, including its ground forces and their superior mobility, were being put to use. Adopting a policy that has been described as "temporary escalation for the sake of eventual de-escalation",[4] the Israeli government decided to take the fight to the Egyptians, drawing Egyptian forces from the Suez Canal zone while striking a blow against air defences along the exposed Egyptian flank.[1][3][5]
Prelude
editThe planning of Operation Raviv was carried out jointly by the Armored Forces Command under Major General Avraham Adan and the Israel Navy under Rear Admiral Avraham Botzer. A dedicated task force was set up for the raid, composed of troops from various units. It was led by Lieutenant Colonel Baruch "Pinko" Harel, with Major Shlomo Baum as his second in command.[6] The raid was to be carried out by Israeli armor and infantry masquerading as Egyptians. Israeli troops wore Egyptian uniforms and used Arab hardware captured during the Six-Day War which had been introduced into service with the IDF; the force was to use Tiran 5 tanks (IDF designation for the T-55) and BTR-50 armored personnel carriers, camouflaged with the Egyptian sand-coloured scheme.[3][7][8]
The tanks were manned by crews from the IDF Armor school and each commanded by an officer. Infantry was provided by the reconnaissance company of the 7th Armored Brigade, augmented by Arabic speaking members of Sayeret Matkal. The crossing of the Gulf of Suez was to be carried out using the landing craft of the navy's Shayetet 11 and was to be secured by Shayetet 13 naval commandos. Assisting the embarkation and disembarkation of the armored force fell to Unit 707, the navy's underwater works unit.[9] After training for six weeks, the force came together at its staging point at Ras Sudar in early September 1969. The armored vehicles arrived at night to avoid detection.
On September 7, 1969, Shayetet 13 commandos carried out Operation Escort, raiding the Egyptian Navy anchorage at Ras Sadat. Arriving on a pair of Maiale (Pig) human torpedoes, the eight operators attached limpet mines to two P-183 torpedo boats before withdrawing and detonating their charges from a distance. The sinking of the two boats served a dual purpose, preventing the interception of the Israeli landing craft and their cargo, while drawing Egyptian attention north from the planned point of disembarkation.[3] Despite the operation's successful execution, Shayetet 13 suffered three fatalities when the self-destruct mechanism of one of the Maiales accidentally went off as the commandos were making their way back across the Gulf of Suez.[7][10]
Battle
edit
"Pinko" Harel's small force of about a hundred men, six Tiran 5s and three BTR-50s, landed on the Egyptian coast at 03:37AM on the morning of September 9. Delivered by three landing craft of Shayetet 11 to a beachhead secured by Shayetet 13, Harel's force landed at El Hafair, 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Suez and 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the anchorage at Ras Sadat.[11] Laden with extra fuel and ammunition, the force headed south, wreaking havoc behind Egyptian lines and attacking installations along the way. The first of these was the Egyptian Army camp and radar site at Abu Darag, which by 07:17 had been secured.[1][5]
Masquerading as an Egyptian force, the raiders met no significant resistance and had little trouble overcoming the surprised and lightly armed troops guarding Egyptian installations, ill-equipped to repel enemy tanks. An Egyptian armored force was camped 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the landing point, but not only were the raiders driving away from it, but also created obstructions to cover their rear. Blowing down rock formations overhanging the road, the force was able to hinder any pursuing force.[1][3]
Supporting the ground forces were the air force's A-4 Skyhawks, providing continuous aerial cover. Two four-ship formations from 109 Squadron departed Ramat David in the morning, the first tasked with suppressing an SA-2 battery and the second providing close air support to the troops. As Israeli forces were advancing according to plan and meeting little resistance, the latter were directed to attack an Egyptian radar site. The lead Skyhawk, however, was lost in the attack. Flight leader Major Hagai Ronen was last seen hanging beneath his parachute over the Gulf of Suez and is still missing in action.[4] 102 Squadron provided additional close air support.[12]
After the destruction of a radar site at Ras Zafarana, the force came within sight of another Egyptian armored force but was ordered to disengage. After covering 45 km and operating unhindered for over 9 hours in Egyptian territory, the force rendezvoused once again with the 11th Flotilla landing craft.[3] From Ras Zafarana it was ferried back to Israeli-held territory in the Sinai, having suffered a single light injury throughout.[5] The Egyptian Army suffered an estimated 100-200 casualties, including two Soviet military advisors, and had 12 outposts destroyed.[5][11][13][14]
Aftermath
editOn September 10, shocked and angered by news of the raid, Egyptian president Gamel Abdel Nasser suffered a heart attack.[5][15] Upon recovery, ten days later, he dismissed the Egyptian Army Chief of Staff, General Ahmad Ismail Ali, the Commander in Chief of the Egyptian Navy, Vice Admiral Fouad Abu Zikry, the commander of Egypt's Red Sea District, as well as a number of other officers.[5][11]
Having been caught off guard, Egypt had to respond and on September 11 launched a large 102-aircraft raid on Israeli positions in the Sinai.[16] During this action a single MiG-17 was shot down by Israeli air defences, while the Israeli Air Force claimed the destruction of five MiG-21s and two Sukhoi Su-7s for the loss of a single Dassault Mirage. Its pilot, Giora Romm, was taken prisoner.[11] Egypt claimed the destruction of three Israeli aircraft.[16]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e "The War And The Woman". Time Magazine. September 19, 1969. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ "في ذكراه.. الفريق أحمد إسماعيل.. عزله عبد الناصر وعينه السادات وزيرًا للحربية". الوفد.
- ^ a b c d e f Moores, Lawrence W. (December 21, 1992). "The Mounted Raid: An Overlooked Deep Operations Capability" (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ a b Aloni 2009, p. 22.
- ^ a b c d e f Gawrych 2000, p. 111.
- ^ "Operation "Raviv"" (in Hebrew). Yad-Lashirion. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ a b Shalom 2007, p. 428.
- ^ "The Armor between the Six Day and Yom Kippur Wars" (in Hebrew). Yad-Lashirion. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ הטירן עשה את שלו! (PDF). Shiryon (in Hebrew) (8). Armor Society: 20–26. May 2000.
- ^ "Operation Escort" (in Hebrew). Israel Navy Heritage Website. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d Aloni 2001, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Shalom 2007, p. 430.
- ^ Herzog 2005, p. 212.
- ^ Remez, Gideon and Ginor, Isabella: The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967-1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict
- ^ Copeland, Miles (October 1, 1970). "Humiliation by Israel was Nasser's Bitterest Pill". Saratoga Journal. pp. 4–C. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
- ^ a b Nicolle and Cooper 2004, pp. 30–31.
References
edit- Aloni, Shlomo (2001). Arab-Israeli Air Wars. Combat Aircraft. UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-294-4.
- Aloni, Shlomo (2009). Israeli A-4 Skyhawk Units in Combat. Combat Aircraft. UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-430-5.[permanent dead link]
- Gawrych, George Walter (2000). The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab–Israeli Wars. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31302-8.
- Herzog, Haim (2005). The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East. Vintage. ISBN 978-1-4000-7963-6.
- Nicolle, David; Cooper, Tom (2004). Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat. Combat Aircraft. UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-655-3.
- Shalom, Danny (2007). Phantoms over Cairo - Israeli Air Force in the War of Attrition (1967–1970) (in Hebrew). Bavir Aviation & Space Publications. pp. 1015–1073. ISBN 978-965-90455-2-5.