Opitsaht, spelled also as Opitsat and Opitsitah, is a First Nations settlement/community in the Southwest area of the Meares Islands, Clayoquot South, British Columbia. This peninsula-like region is the home to Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations of the Nuu-chah-nulth nation. The Tla-o-qui-aht are an Indigenous group from the Pacific Northwest region in the lower Vancouver area, known for their lifestyle revolving around the marine life trade and culture within the community.
During the era of the Maritime Fur Trade, Opitsaht was the seat of Wickaninnish, chief of the Tla-o-qui-aht. In 1791 the Spanish explorer Francisco de Eliza estimated a population of about 2,500 people. According to John Boit in 1792 the village contained 200 ornately carved buildings typical of Nuu-chah-nulth villages.[1] John Kendrick made a strong alliance with Wickaninnish in the summer of 1791.[2] Although Wickaninnish remained an ally of Kendrick, the good feelings towards Americans that Kendrick had built were ruined by Kendrick's former partner Robert Gray. The original village of Opitsaht was lost when Gray ordered it destroyed by the cannons of the Columbia Rediviva as part of a falling-out with the Tla-o-qui-aht when Gray evacuated his erstwhile "fort" nearby on Meares Island, known as Fort Defiance.[2] Today, Opitsaht is one of the main villages of Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations.
The population of Opitsat Indian Reserve No. 1, which is named after the village and is an official land status used by Statistics Canada as a census area, was 174 at the Census of 2006.[3]
Geography and natural resources
editEnvironment
editOpitsaht is located on the Meares Island, directly across from the neighboring town and popular tourist destination, Tofino. The Meares Islands are on the lower side of the Vancouver Islands in British Columbia, Canada. The settlement is only accessible by boat, or the local water taxi services. The island's vast terrain called for multiple species of marine life, animal life, and plant species.[4] Opitsaht was also known for its natural flourishment of trees and plants, which would later spark an environmental protest between the Tla-o-qui-aht people and potential forestry companies looking to tear down the local woods. The main terrain of Opitsaht is its island-like flat ground, and is surrounded by The Arakun Islands, Stockham Island, and Monas Island.[5] These islands also home thousands of trees, ranging from Evergreen Conifer Trees to Shore Pine. These various trees and plants produce food, such as fruits and berries, and the trees themselves provide a forest spreading throughout the Vancouver Islands.[6]
Trade benefits and food
editEnvironmental benefits of being located near marine life included access to salmon, sea otters, and even whales. These animals were hunted for their fur and skin, and often used as a major trading source between the Tla-o-qui-aht people and settlers that would be involved in the Maritime Fur Trade. Their diet was also supported by various plants and animals, such as berries and deer, which were hunted in the forests around Opitsaht. One of the main marine life resources was salmon, which the Meares Islands were known to have a plethora of. However, after the fur trade and large industrial farming techniques, the salmon population has reduced drastically around Opitsaht and the Meares Islands. The Clayoquot Sound Canning Company led the expansion in the area, lowering the amount of salmon reproduced.[7]
Opitsaht is also home to cows, which never really made their way into Tla-o-qui-aht cuisine and therefore were left alone on the Island. The main Tla-o-qui-aht cuisine was centered around salmon, crustaceans, and other sea and plant life. The marsh-like area isn't common to cows, but their adaptation over time has found them to be surviving peacefully in the Meares Islands and Opitsaht, grazing in the beach waters and finding their way along the island.[8]
History
editFur Trade and Assimilation
editThe settlement of Opitsaht was a great resource point during the Maritime Fur Trade, a ship based trading system during the popularity of sea otter fur and other marine life usually located around the Pacific Northwest Coast of Alaska.[9] At the same time, Opitsaht was the home to Tla-o-qui-aht chief, Wickaninnish, who was present during the initial European contact in the 1780s. The original village of Opitsaht was destroyed by the American Captain Robert Gray, after tensions arose between the Tla-o-qui-aht people and the European settlers who had made contact. In 1792, the village was destroyed, including 200 (unoccupied) longhouses that were home to 50-100 people each.[10]
The settlers of Opitsaht would soon have to turn to assimilation, with the increased amount of European immigrants spreading throughout the 19th century. Tla-o-qui-aht people were forced onto reservations and residential schools, all various methods to control the Native way of life under The Indian Act.[11] Over time, the Nuu-chah-nulth culture faded, but the Tla-o-qui-aht people, along with the other Nuu-chah-nulth tribes, are continuing to preserve the culture and language of their people.
Environment and resistance
editEnvironmental tensions arose in the Meares Islands area after British Columbia's government wanted to cut down the old forests in Clayoquot South. The plans started in 1984, but the Tla-o-qui-aht people were ready to defend their tribal land. These old forests were considered tribal ground and ancient woodlands, sparking a resistance and large-scale protest of the area, known as the "War in the Woods".[12] In 2000, the UNESCO declared Clayoquot Sound as a Biosphere reserve, in turn protecting it from industrialization.[13] Opitsaht and the Meares Islands are currently in the Vancouver Islands, British Columbia, and the Tla-o-qui-aht are currently involved in negotiations with the federal government to gain potential independence and the ability to self-govern.[14]
Tla-o-qui-aht culture and religion
editTla-o-qui-aht culture was still prominent after the effects of The Indian Act and various attempts of assimilation by the expanding colonists. Throughout history, the collective bands of the Nuu-chah-nulth nation have had a strong ceremonial culture, often revolving around entertainment and feasting. This includes various songs, dances, and contests.[15] The most popular of these theatricals were Potlatch, ceremonies to distribute and show personal trade goods, develop treaties, and redistribute wealth among internal or neighboring tribes. The federal government banned Potlatch ceremonies from 1884 to 1951, as an addition to the Indian Act.[16] In terms of government and hierarchy, the Tla-o-qui-aht has a history of hereditary leaders known as Ha'wiih, or hereditary chiefs. These special leaders owned the rights to certain ceremonies and stories. The Ha'wiih governed alongside the elected government of the Tla-o-qui-aht nation, consisting of counselors and other elected officials.[15]
The Tla-o-qui-aht people followed a religion similar to those of the Northwest Pacific Coast Indians, centered around the spirits in the world and a higher being. It is believed that every being has a spirit, and therefore should be respected and appreciated. Religious practices are encouraged by the Nuu-chah-nulth nation, with traditional shamans upkeeping ancient medicines and healing rituals.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Clayton, Daniel (2011). Islands of Truth: The Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island. University of British Columbia Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7748-4157-3. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ a b Ridley, Scott (2010). Morning of Fire: John Kendrick's Daring American Odyssey in the Pacific. Harper Collins. pp. 231–246. ISBN 978-0-06-202019-2. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ "Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01.
- ^ "Opitsaht West Coast N.E.S.T." www.westcoastnest.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Kimantas, John (2018-03-16). The BC Coast Explorer Volume 1: North and West Vancouver Island. Wild Coast Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9879851-0-1.
- ^ "Vancouver Island Mushrooms - Tree Identification". www.westcoastforager.com. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ^ "Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot) | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ "Where the Cows Roam Wild • British Columbia Magazine". British Columbia Magazine. 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ "Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest". www.washington.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Williams, Joseph A. "Who Was The First American To Circumnavigate The Globe?". Curious Historian. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
- ^ "Indian treaties". www.nwcouncil.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Hayter, Roger (2003-09-01). ""The War in the Woods": Post-Fordist Restructuring, Globalization, and the Contested Remapping of British Columbia's Forest Economy". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 93 (3): 706–729. doi:10.1111/1467-8306.9303010. ISSN 0004-5608. S2CID 155087749.
- ^ Narwhal, The. "How Clayoquot Sound's War in the Woods transformed a region". The Narwhal. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot)". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ a b "Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot)". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ U'mista Cultural Society, Synthescape Art Imaging (November 1, 2015). "Potlatch | Potlatch | Living Tradition, The Kwakwaka'wakw Potlatch on the Northwest Coast". umistapotlatch.ca. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ Winkelman, Michael; Peek, Philip M. (2004). Divination and Healing: Potent Vision. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2377-1.