Paul Atherstone Grabowsky AO, born 27 September 1958, is an Australian pianist and composer, founder of the Australian Art Orchestra.
Paul Grabowsky | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Paul Atherstone Grabowsky |
| Born | 27 September, 1958 Lae, Papua New Guinea |
| Origin | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation(s) | Musician and composer |
| Instrument | Piano |
| Website | paulgrabowsky |
Biography
editBorn in Lae, Papua New Guinea, Grabowsky is a pianist and composer of music for film, theatre and opera. His father Alistair had lived in Papua New Guinea with his wife Charlotte since the 1930s working on oil rigs, building roads, flying planes. Grabowsky described his ancestry as "failed Polish aristocracy".[1] His grandfather was a legitimate Polish Count of the Grabowski noble family, a descendant of Jan Jerzy Grabowski from where he gets his title; his grandfather was exiled from Poland and lived in Scotland.[2] His older brother Michael took great interest in the young composer and later worked with Paul co-ordinating and producing many of his television and film scores in the 1990s.
Grabowsky grew up in Glen Waverley, Melbourne, Australia, and began piano lessons when he was five years old. He studied the classical repertoire with Mack Jost, senior lecturer in piano at the Conservatorium of Music at the University of Melbourne from the age of seven until his university years. He attended Wesley College and it was that school's jazz band which introduced him to the genre.
1980s
editImmersing himself in jazz, Grabowsky left the conservatorium in 1978 to pursue musical studies at the Juilliard School in New York and then embarked on extensive travel in Europe. 1980 he worked in the Melbourne cabaret/comedy scene where he began his relationship with Steve Vizard and Robyn Archer. He flew in 1980 to London where he travelled via Spain to Germany; he lived there in Munich until 1985. He had been back in Australia for Christmas 1982 when, on the invitation of Red Symons, he co-composed his first film score, the first of many. In Europe he played with many musicians including Chet Baker, Art Farmer and Johnny Griffin as well as influential European artists. In 1983, Grabowsky formed the Paul Grabowsky Trio with Allan Browne and Gary Costello. The duo recorded the album Six by Three, which was released in 1989 and won the trio an ARIA Music Award at the ARIA Music Awards of 1990.
After his return to Australia in 1986, he played in various jazz ensembles. Grabowsky produced Vince Jones' ARIA Award-winning album It All Ends Up In Tears. In 1987, Grabowsky formed the Wizards of Oz with Saxophonist Dale Barlow, bassist Lloyd Swanton and drummer Tony Buck. Wizards of Oz recorded Soundtrack and won the ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 1989. During this time, he also wrote the score to the film The Last Days of Chez Nous and for television shows Phoenix, Janus and Fast Forward.
1990s
editGrabowsky and the Groovematics were the innovative house band on the Seven Network TV show Tonight Live with Steve Vizard from February 1990 to November 1993. This show was live five nights a week. Grabowsky also continued to compose scores for feature films many of which won awards.
In 1990 he was commissioned to write several pieces for the Munich-based jazz/contemporary-music group Die Konferenz. One group of these was based on songs of Édith Piaf ("Et les Affaires Piaf"), while a second group was based on songs from German UFA films from the 1920s to 1940s ("Es wird einmal ein Wunder"). With the support from its artistic director Richard Wherrett, this led to the formation of the project Ringing the Bell Backwards at the Melbourne International Arts Festival and eventually to the Australian Art Orchestra in 1994. That year, Grabowsky wrote a piano concerto for Michael Kieran Harvey.
He is married to Margot Salomon and in 1991 their first child was born; Isabella Grabowsky. Their son Guy Grabowsky was born in 1995..
In 1995, the Australian Art Orchestra toured Europe, and later India in 1996. Grabowsky directed the Victorian Arts Centre's Summer Music programme. Late that year he was commissioned to front the 14-part ABC TV series Access All Areas. As Commissioning Editor for ABC Television Arts and Entertainment (1996–1998), he commissioned the documentary series Long Way to the Top. During the late 1990s, Grabowsky concentrated on writing music for film and television: Molokai: The Story of Father Damien (1999) and Innocence (2000) by Paul Cox, Siam Sunset by John Polson, the NBC mini-series Noah's Ark, the UK production Shiner. Northern Rivers Performing Arts (NORPA) commissioned his first opera, The Mercenary with a (libretto by Janis Balodis).
2000s
editIn 2000, the project The Theft of Sita (a collaboration with Wayan Yudane) came to fruition; it combined jazz elements, Balinese gamelan music and puppetry. The piece premiered in Adelaide, and has since toured worldwide. In that year, Grabowsky was also involved in the writing music for the opening ceremonies of the Sydney Olympics and the Paralympics. Since then, he has written the opera Love in the Age of Therapy (libretto by Joanna Murray-Smith) commissioned by Melbourne Festival and Sydney Festival, and the symphony Streets of Hurqalya (26 June 2002), commissioned by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. Among his recent film scores are Fred Schepisi's Last Orders and It Runs in the Family, The Eye Of The Storm, Empire Falls (HBO) Paul Cox's The Diaries of Vaslav Nijinsky, and Disney's The Jungle Book 2. From 2003 to 2007, Grabowsky was commissioner at the Australian Film Commission. In 2004 he became involved in Charles Darwin University's Remote Indigenous Music Program.[3]
In 2004, Grabowsky visited the remote community in the Northern Territory called Ngukurr, in order to meet the traditional songmen. He met with the local elders and, after hearing two Wagilak songmen sing, asked permission to bring his orchestra on a return visit. When he returned in 2005, he brought singer-songwriters Archie Roach and his wife Ruby Hunter, along with 10 members of his Australian Art Orchestra. After working together for five days, the musicians staged a concert in the town. The European musicians learnt about the manikay (song cycles) and were led to experiment with whole new ways of exploring sound.[4]
The resulting project, called Crossing Roper Bar, toured the Northern Territory, played at the Birrarung Marr park in Melbourne, the National Gallery of Victoria, Apollo Bay Music Festival and the Sydney Opera House. When the group travelled to Gulkula to play at the 2006 Garma Festival, the Yolngu songmen from nearby regions were amazed, thinking that those songs had been lost long ago. In 2010 a Crossing Roper Bar album was released.[4]
In 2005, Grabowsky was appointed Artistic Director for the Queensland Music Festival 2007.[5] His song cycle Before Time Could Change Us, lyrics by Dorothy Porter and featuring Katie Noonan, was commissioned by the Queensland Music Festival and released in 2005 by the Warner Music Group. The album peaked at number 65 on the ARIA Charts and number 3 on the ARIA Jazz chart.[6] He recorded an album of original jazz compositions, Tales of Time and Space, with Branford Marsalis (soprano sax), Joe Lovano (tenor sax), Scott Tinkler (trumpet), Ed Schuller (bass) and Jeff "Tain" Watts (drums). In 2007 he was appointed inaugural patron of the National Film and Sound Archive's project Sounds of Australia.[7]
On 4 January 2008, the prestigious Adelaide Festival of Arts appointed Grabowsky as its artistic director for the 2010 festival, its 50th anniversary year. He was then asked to stay on and direct the 2012 Adelaide Festival.[8]
2010s
editIn June 2012, Grabowsky was appointed Vice-Chancellor's Professorial Fellow in the School of Music at Monash University and in July 2012, he was appointed Executive Director, Performing Arts, Academy of Performing Arts, Monash University.
In 2014 Grabowsky was awarded the Order of Australia (AO) for services to music as an educator, a mentor composer and pianist. He won his 5th Aria Award in 2014 for his sextet recording of original compositions The Bitter Suite.
In 2015/2016 he wrote the music and songs for theatre work Last Man Standing performed by the Melbourne Theatre Company, words and play by Steve Vizard; the two teamed again to write another new music theatre work, Banquet of Secrets, performed by the Victorian Opera company.
Awards and nominations
editAIR Awards
editThe Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008[9][10] | Lost and Found (as Oehlers Grabowsky Keevers) | Best Independent Jazz Album | Nominated |
| 2010[11] | On a Clear Day | Best Independent Jazz Album | Nominated |
| 2014[10] | The Bitter Suite | Best Independent Jazz Album | Won |
| 2017[12] | Provanance (with Vince Jones) | Best Independent Jazz Album | Nominated |
| 2020[13][14] | Tryst | Best Independent Jazz Album or EP | Won |
APRA Awards
editThe APRA Awards (Australia) are annual awards to celebrate excellence in contemporary music, which honour the skills of member composers, songwriters and publishers who have achieved outstanding success in sales and airplay performance. They commenced in 1982. Paul Grabowsky has won seven awards from twenty nominations.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | "Disappearing Shoreline" | Most Performed Australasian Jazz Work | Won |
| 1990 | "Tonite I'm Alive with You" (with Yuri Worontschak) | Most Performed Australasian Jazz Work | Won |
| 1993 | Phoenix (Series 2) | Television or Film Theme of the Year | Won |
| "Welcome to the World of Major Crime" | Jazz Composition of the Year | Nominated | |
| 1996 | Mushrooms | Best Film Score | Nominated |
| 2000 | Siam Sunset | Best Film Score | Nominated |
| 2001 | Innocence | Best Film Score | Nominated |
| 2004 | "Stars Apart" (performed by Allan Browne) | Most Performed Jazz Work of the Year | Nominated |
| 2005 | Art of War | Best Music for a Television Series or Serial | Nominated |
| 2006 | "Silverland" | Most Performed Jazz Work of the Year | Nominated |
| Unfolding Florence: The Many Lives of Florence Broadhurst | Best Music for a Documentary | Won | |
| 2009 | "Raindrop" | Jazz Work of the Year | Nominated |
| 2013 | "Falling" (with Gabriella Smart) | Instrumental Work of the Year | Nominated |
| 2014 | "Tall Tales" (performed by Monash Art Ensemble) | Jazz Work of the Year | Won |
| 2015 | "Love Like a Curse" (performed by Monash Art Ensemble) | Jazz Work of the Year | Nominated |
| "The Nightingale and the Rose" (with Genevieve Lacey and Flinders Quartet) | Instrumental Work of the Year | Nominated | |
| 2016 | "Nyilipidgi" (with Young Wägilak Group) | Jazz Work of the Year | Won |
| "Spiel" (with Niko Schäuble) | Nominated | ||
| 2017 | "Moons of Jupiter" | Jazz Work of the Year | Nominated |
| 2018 | Comeclose and Sleepnow: Six Liverpool Love Songs (with The Monash Art Ensemble and Gian Slater) | Vocal / Choral Work of the Year | Nominated |
ARIA Awards
editThe ARIA Music Awards are annual awards, which recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Paul Grabowsky has won seven awards from seventeen nominations.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Six by Three (as Paul Grabowsky Trio) | Best Jazz Album | Won | [15] |
| 1991 | The Moon & You | Nominated | [15] | |
| 1993 | Tee Vee | Nominated | [15] | |
| The Last Days of Chez Nous | Best Original Soundtrack/Cast/Show Album | Nominated | [16] | |
| 1996 | When Words Fail (as Paul Grabowsky Trio) | Best Jazz Album | Won | [15] |
| 1998 | Angel (as Paul Grabowsky Trio with Shelley Scown) | Nominated | [15] | |
| 2000 | Siam Sunset | Best Original Soundtrack Album | Nominated | [16] |
| 2001 | Three (a.k.a. PG3) (as Paul Grabowsky Trio) | Best Jazz Album | Nominated | [15] |
| 2004 | Tales of Time and Space | Nominated | [15] | |
| 2005 | Before Time Could Change Us (with Katie Noonan) | Won | [15] | |
| 2006 | Always (with Bernie McGann) | Nominated | [15] | |
| 2014 | The Bitter Suite | Won | [15] | |
| 2015 | Solo | Nominated | [15] | |
| 2016 | Provenance (with Vince Jones) | Won | [15] | |
| Nyilipidgi (with Monash Art Ensemble, Daniel Ngukurr Boy Wilfred & David Yipininy Wilfred) | Best World Music Album | Nominated | ||
| 2019 | Tryst (with Kate Ceberano) | Best Jazz Album | Won | [15] |
| 2020 | Please Leave Your Light On (with Paul Kelly) | Best Jazz Album | Won | [15] |
Australian Jazz Bell Awards
editThe Australian Jazz Bell Awards, (also known as the Bell Awards or The Bells), are annual music awards for the jazz music genre in Australia. They commenced in 2003.[17]
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Paul Grabowsky | Australian Jazz Artist of the Year | Won |
| 2007 | "Five Bells" – Paul Grabowsky | Australian Jazz Composition of the Year | Won |
| 2009 | Lost and Found (as Oehlers, Grabowsky, Beck) | Best Australian Contemporary Jazz Album | Won |
- Note wins only
Helpmann Awards
editThe Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia since 2001.[18] Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | The Theft of Sita (with I Wayan Gde Yudane) | Best Original Score | Won | [19] |
| 2003 | Love in the Age of Therapy (with Joanna Murray-Smith) | Best Original Score | Nominated | [20] |
| 2005 | Tales of Time and Space | Best Performance in an Australian Contemporary Concert | Nominated | [21] |
Music Victoria Awards
editThe Music Victoria Awards are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Torrio! (With Mirko Guerrini & Niko Schäuble) | Best Jazz Album | Nominated | [22][23] |
Sidney Myer Performing Arts Awards
editThe Sidney Myer Performing Arts Awards commenced in 1984 and recognise outstanding achievements in dance, drama, comedy, music, opera, circus and puppetry.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Paul Grabowsky | Individual Award | awarded |
Other Awards
edit- 1988 & 1989 Rolling Stone Magazine (Australia) Jazz Artist of the Year[24][25]
- 1989 AFI nomination (Best Original Music Score) for Georgia
- 1991 AFI nomination (Best Music Score) for A Woman's Tale
- 1992 AFI nomination (Best Music Score) for The Last Days of Chez Nous
- 1994 AFI nomination (Best Original Music Score) for Exile
- 1995 AFI Award (Open Craft Award) for The Good Looker[26]
- 1999 Australian Guild of Screen Composers nomination for the film Siam Sunset
- 2000 The Age Award (Best Production) for The Theft of Sita
- 2003 World Soundtrack Academy nomination for The Jungle Book 2
- 2004 AFI (Open Craft Award) nomination for Jessica
- 2006 AFI nomination for Unfolding Florence: The Many Lives of Florence Broadhurst
- 2007 Melbourne Prize for Music[27]
Discography
edit| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
|---|---|---|
| AUS [28] | ||
| The Moon + You |
|
– |
| The Zurich Sessions (with Sunk Poeschl and Peter Bockius) |
|
– |
| Tee Vee | - | |
| The Last Days of Chez Nous (soundtrack) |
|
– |
| Phoenix (soundtrack) |
|
– |
| Viva Viva[32] |
|
– |
| Angel (with Shelley Scown) |
|
– |
| Keep Up Your Standards (with Robyn Archer)[33] |
|
– |
| Passion(with Australian Art Orchestra)[34] |
|
– |
| Noah's Ark (soundtrack) |
|
– |
| Siam Sunset (soundtrack) |
|
– |
| Shiner (soundtrack) |
|
– |
| Last Orders (soundtrack) |
|
– |
| Big Adventure (with Philip Rex and Niko Schauble)[35] |
|
– |
| Tales Of Time And Space[36] |
|
– |
| Ruby (with Archie Roach, Ruby Hunter and Australian Art) |
|
– |
| Before Time Could Change Us (with Katie Noonan) |
|
65 |
| Hush Collection (Volume 3: Paul Grabowsky) |
|
– |
| Always (with Bernie McGann) |
|
– |
| Hush Collection (Volume 7: Ten Healing Songs by Paul Grabowsky) |
|
– |
| Lost and Found[37] (with Jamie Oehlers and David Beck) |
|
– |
| On a Clear Day[38] (with Jamie Oehlers) |
|
– |
| The Bitter Suite[39][40] (as Paul Grabowsky Sextet) |
|
– |
| Solo[41][42] |
|
– |
| Words and Pictures[43] (Soundtrack) |
|
– |
| Spiel[44] (with Nikolaus Schäuble) |
|
– |
| Provenance[45] (with Vince Jones) |
|
– |
| Nyilipidgi[46] (with Daniel Ngukurr Boy Wilfred, David Yipininy Wilfred and Monash Art Ensemble) |
|
– |
| Shift[47] (with Rob Burke, George Lewis and Mark Helias) |
|
– |
| Torrio![48] (with Mirko Guerrini, Niko Schäuble) |
|
– |
| Moons of Jupiter[49] (featuring Scott Tinkler, Erkki Veltheim and Peter Knight) |
|
– |
| Tryst[49] (with Kate Ceberano) |
|
147[50] |
| Please Leave Your Light On[51] (with Paul Kelly) |
|
3 [52] |
References
edit- ^ Bilson, Gay (January 2010). "Impresario". The Monthly. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
- ^ "The Conversation Hour". ABC Radio Melbourne (interview of Katie Noonan and Paul Grabowsky by Derek Guille and Jon Faine). 20 September 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2022.[time needed]
- ^ "Indigenous music program attracts Grabowsky". Charles Darwin University. 12 March 2004. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ a b Power, Lisa (30 July 2010). "Crossing the divide". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "QMF Artistic Director Paul Grabowsky". Queensland Music Festival. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "ARIA Report week commencing 22 August 2005 – issue 808" (PDF). webarchive.nla.gov.au. 22 August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2005. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^ "Sounds of Australia". National Film and Sound Archive. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "Paul Grabowsky announced as new Artistic Director!". Adelaide Festival Corporation. 4 January 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "2008 AIR Awards Nominees Announced". Music NSW. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ a b "History Wins". Australian Independent Record Labels Association. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ "Jagermeister Independent Music Awards Nominations Announced!". 1 September 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ "A.B Original dominates 2017 AIR Awards nominations". theindustryobserver. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
- ^ "2020 AIR Awards Nominees". scenestr. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "That's a wrap: 2020 AIR Awards winners and celebrations". the industry observer. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ARIA Award previous winners. "ARIA Awards Best Jazz Album". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ a b ARIA Award previous winners. "History Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ "Bell Award Winners". bellawards. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ "Events & Programs". Live Performance Australia. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ "2001 Helpmann Awards Nominees & Winners". Helpmann Awards. Australian Entertainment Industry Association (AEIA). Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ "2003 Helpmann Awards Nominees & Winners". Helpmann Awards. Australian Entertainment Industry Association (AEIA). Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ "2005 Helpmann Awards Nominees & Winners". Helpmann Awards. Australian Entertainment Industry Association (AEIA). Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ "Previous Nominess". Music Victoria. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Previous Winners". Music Victoria. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Paul Grabowsky at RecordProduction.com
- ^ Paul Grabowsky Trio Archived 15 July 2012 at archive.today at Queensland Art Gallery | Gallery of Modern Art
- ^ "AFI Awards Winners—Non-Feature Categories 1958–2005" (PDF). AFI. p. 14. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "Paul Grabowsky wins the most valuable music prize in Australia". Melbourne Prize Trust. 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "ARIA Report week commencing 22 August 2005 – issue 808" (PDF). webarchive.nla.gov.au. 22 August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2005. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^ "The Moon + You". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "The Zurich Sessions". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Tee Vee". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Viva Viva". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Keep Up Your Standards". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Passion". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Big Adventure". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Tales Of Time And Space". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Lost and Found". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "On a Clear Day". iTunes Australia. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "The Bitter Suite". iTunes Australia. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "The Bitter Suite". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Solo". iTunes Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Solo". paulgrabowsky. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Spiel". iTunes Australia. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Spiel". iTunes Australia. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Solo". iTunes Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Nyilipidgi". iTunes Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Shift - Rob Burke, George Lewis, Paul Grabowsky, Mark Helias". Sub Rarar. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Torrio!". iTunes Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Moons of Jupiter". iTunes Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Part of Kate Ceberano ARIA chart history 1988 to 2022, received from ARIA in 2022". ARIA. Retrieved 2 December 2023 – via Imgur.com. N.B. The High Point number in the NAT column represents the release's peak on the national chart.
- ^ "Paul Kelly and Paul Grabowsky announce new collaborative album". NME. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
Further reading
edit- Grabowsky, Paul. "Biography". Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- "Biography, list of works and awards". Air-Edel. Archived from the original on 15 September 2004. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- "Introducing…Paul Grabowsky" (PDF). State Library of Queensland. 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2003.
- M. Wangler: "Gleichberechtigte Rollenverteilung: Paul Grabowsky", Jazz Podium, xxxiv/7 (1985), 4 (in German)
- Roger T. Dean: "Grabowsky, Paul", Grove Music Online. ed. L. Macy