Peroz III (Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰 Pērōz; Chinese: 卑路斯; pinyin: Bēilùsī) was son of Yazdegerd III, the last King of Kings of Sasanian Iran. After the death of his father, who legend says was killed by a miller at the instigation of the governor of Marw, he retreated to territory under the control of Tang China.[3] He served as a Tang general and the head of the Area Command of Persia (波斯都督府), an exiled extension of the Sasanian court established by and under the suzerainty of Tang China. Most of what is known of Peroz III is recorded in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang.
| Peroz III | |
|---|---|
| Prince of the Sasanians | |
 A statue of Peroz is known to stand among the statues of "61 foreign officials" at the Qian Mausoleum.[1] This statue, with long curly hair and a Parthian moustache could belong to Peroz or his son Narsieh.[2] | |
| Born | 636 Sasanian Iran |
| Died | c. 679 (Aged 43) Tang China |
| Spouses | Turkic noblewoman |
| Issue | Narsieh |
| House | House of Sasan |
| Father | Yazdegerd III |
| Religion | Zoroastrianism |
Life
editPrince Peroz was born in 636,[4] and was thus very young at the time of the reign of his father king Yazdegerd III and never exercised the imperial power of the Sasanians. After the Muslim conquest of Iran, Peroz and much of the imperial family escaped through the Pamir Mountains in what is now Tajikistan and arrived at Tang China, which was more supportive of the Sasanians.
According to the Old Book of Tang, Peroz asked for military help from Tang China against the Arabs in 661. The Tang court created the Area Command of Persia (波斯都督府) at what is now Zaranj/Zābol (疾陵城 Jilingcheng) (on the modern border of Afghanistan and Iran), with Peroz as commander-in-chief (都督 Dudu).[5] 14 February 662, he was created "King of Persia" (波斯王) by the Tang dynasty.[6] Between 670 and 674, Peroz arrived personally at the Tang court and was given the title of Yòuwǔwèi Jīangjūn (右武衛將軍, "Martial General of the Right [Flank] Guards"). The Emperor Gaozong of Tang allowed Sasanian refugees fleeing from the Arab invasion to settle in China.
In 678, the deputy minister for personnel of the Tang court, Pei Xingjian, a noble from Hedong Commandery, was ordered to escort Peroz back to Persia. Pei Xingjian got as far as Suiye (near modern Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan) before returning, while Peroz was forced to spend over 20 years in Tokhara (吐火羅; likely Bactra or Tokharistan) with several thousand followers. In 708 Peroz arrived at the Tang court again and was given the title of Zuoweiwei Jiangjun (左威衛將軍 Awe-inspiring General of the Left [Flank] Guards).[7]
However, according to the biography of Pei Xingjian, Pei, when briefing the political situation of Persia to Emperor Gaozong, stated that Peroz died before the year of 678.[8] The Persian prince who was escorted was Peroz's son Narsieh, according to Pei Xingjian.
Death
edit,_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_(%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE)_circa_650_CE.jpg)
According to the New Book of Tang, Peroz died after receiving the title Youwuwei Jiangjun. It was then that Peroz's son, Narsieh, a hostage at the Tang court, was escorted by Pei Xingjian westwards to Persia in 679 (not 678). As with the Old Book of Tang, Pei got as far as Suiye, and Narsieh (not Peroz) then spent 20 years in Tokhara. Finally, it was again Narsieh and not Peroz who received the title of Zuoweiwei Jiangjun.
A statue of him and another Persian ("Nanmei") was erected at the Qianling Mausoleum.[2]
Descendants
editNarsieh adopted the Tang imperial family name Li.
A son of Peroz is attested during the anti-Umayyad uprising led by the Arab renegade Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami in 703–704, as being present in Tokharistan.[9]
Peroz's son, Khosrau, is mentioned by the Arab historians as accompanying the Turgesh in their wars against the Arabs in Transoxiana. During the Siege of Kamarja in 729, he tried to achieve the surrender of the Arab garrison, but his offer was rejected with scorn.[10]
References
edit- ^ Afkande 2014, p. 147.
- ^ a b Zanous & Sangari 2018.
- ^ Bonner 2020, pp. 338–339.
- ^ Compareti 2009.
- ^ Zhou, Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania) (2009). "Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (187): 155–156.
- ^ Sima Guang. 《資治通鑑‧卷二百‧唐紀十六》 (in Chinese).
二年春正月辛亥，立波斯都督卑路斯爲波斯王。
- ^ Zanous & Sangari 2018, p. 501.
- ^ "Old Book of Tang. Vol.84". Wikisource.
- ^ Gibb 1923, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Gibb 1923, p. 71.
Sources
edit- Afkande, Ehsan (2014). "The Last Sasanians in Eastern Iran and China". Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia.: 139–155.
- Bonner, Michael (2020). The Last Empire of Iran. New York: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–406. ISBN 978-1463206161.
- Compareti, Matteo (2009). "Chinese-Iranian relations xv. The last Sasanians in China". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Gibb, H. A. R. (1923). The Arab Conquests in Central Asia. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. OCLC 499987512.
- Zanous, Hamidreza Pasha; Sangari, Esmaeil (2018). "The Last Sasanians in Chinese Literary Sources: Recently Identified Statue Head of a Sasanian Prince at the Qianling Mausoleum". Iranian Studies. 51 (4): 499–515. doi:10.1080/00210862.2018.1440966. S2CID 165568529.