Punishment for War Crimes was the title of a declaration issued by the representatives of eight Allied governments-in-exile and the Free French at the third Inter-Allied Conference at St James's Palace in London, United Kingdom, on 13 January 1942. It has been described as the "first milestone" towards the creation of an international legal framework for the prosecution of war crimes in German-occupied Europe during World War II.[1]
| Third Inter-Allied Conference Punishment for War Crimes | |
|---|---|
.jpg) St James' Palace, pictured in 2012 | |
| Host country |  United Kingdom |
| Date | 13 January 1942 |
| Venue(s) | St James's Palace |
| Cities | London |
| Participants |  Belgian government in exile  Czechoslovak provisional government-in-exile  Greek government-in-exile  Luxembourg government-in-exile  Dutch government-in-exile  Norwegian government-in-exile  Polish government-in-exile  Yugoslav government-in-exile  Free French National Committee |
| Chair | Władysław Sikorski |
Declaration
editThe declaration agreed at the meeting on 13 January 1942 was signed by the Belgian, Czechoslovak, Dutch, Greek, Luxembourg, Norwegian, and Yugoslav governments in exile as well as the Free French National Committee. Representatives of the British government attended the meeting as observers together with representatives from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.[1] Although noting that the declaration was chiefly symbolic and could not be enforced, the historian Julia Eichenberg notes that "it was the first to formulate a new and jointly Allied attitude towards the prosecution of war crimes, setting them on the agenda of all further discussions between the Allied governments and making them central to all declared war aims and peace plans".[2]
The declaration did not make any specification about the "character, race, or religion of the victim" and made no reference to the persecution of specific minority groups such as Jews.[3] It was only in December 1942 that the Holocaust was condemned in the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations.
The declaration was formally presented to the British, American, and Soviet governments as a diplomatic note verbale. These felt obliged to respond with their own declarations affirming their desire to establish legal accountability for war crimes after the war.[4] The declaration contributed to the establishment of an Inter-Allied Commission on the Punishment of War Crimes under the auspices of the London International Assembly with Michał Potulicki as secretary-general which met regularly until it was superseded by the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) in October 1943.[5] In conjunction with the Inter-Allied Information Committee, it published a number of studies on aspects of German policy in German-occupied Europe.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Eichenberg 2022, p. 339.
- ^ Eichenberg 2022, p. 340.
- ^ Fleming 2022, p. 66.
- ^ Eichenberg 2022, p. 341.
- ^ a b Fleming 2022, p. 65.
Bibliography
edit- Fleming, Michael (2022). In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the Search for Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781009098984.
- Eichenberg, Julia (2022). "Crossroads in London on the Road to Nuremberg: The London International Assembly, Exile Governments and War Crimes". Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international. 24 (3): 334–353. doi:10.1163/15718050-bja10071. S2CID 250575782.
Further reading
edit- Kochavi, Arieh J. (1998). Prelude to Nuremberg: Allied War Crimes Policy and the Question of Punishment. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6687-0.
External links
edit- Punishment for War Crimes (UK edition) (full text) at the National Library of Australia
- Punishment for War Crimes (US edition) (full text) at Google Books