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Raffi Hovannisian

Raffi K. Richardi Hovannisian (Armenian: Րաֆֆի Կ. Ռիչարդի Հովհաննիսյան; Western Armenian: Րաֆֆի Կ. Ռիչարդի Յովհաննէսեան;[1] born 20 November 1959) is an Armenian politician, the first Foreign Minister of Armenia and the founding leader of the national liberal Heritage party. He is the founder of the Armenian Center for National and International Studies, the country's first independent research center.

Raffi Hovannisian
Leader of the Heritage Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
2002
Preceded byposition established
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia
In office
7 November 1991 – 16 October 1992
PresidentLevon Ter-Petrosyan
Preceded byposition established
Succeeded byVahan Papazyan
Personal details
Born (1959-11-20) November 20, 1959 (age 65)
Fresno, California, U.S.
Political partyHeritage
SpouseArmenouhi Hovannisian (m. 1985)
RelationsRichard Hovannisian (father)
ChildrenGarin, Daron, Van, Shushi, Armen-Richard
Residence(s)Nor Nork, Yerevan
Alma materUniversity of California, Berkeley
University of California, Los Angeles
Tufts University
Georgetown University

Hovannisian, a descendant of Armenian genocide survivors, was born in Fresno, California to a family of professors. He moved to Armenia with his family in 1990 and was appointed as the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of the newly independent Armenia by then-President Levon Ter-Petrosyan. In 2002, Hovannisian founded the Heritage party, which won 6% of the popular vote in the 2007 parliamentary election.[2]

In 2013, Hovannisian was one of the seven candidates at the presidential election and came in second with 37% vote. He claimed victory due to alleged electoral fraud. In days following the election, protests took place both in Yerevan (Freedom Square in particular) and other cities and towns throughout Armenia. Hovannisian urged Sargsyan to accept "people's victory" and concede his defeat.[3] Hovannisian called the movement 'Barevolution', a portmanteau of 'barev' (բարև, 'hello') and 'revolution', referring to his habit of walking up to people and greeting them during the election campaign.[4][5] The protests gradually faded by April of that year.

Early life and education

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Raffi Hovannisian was born in Fresno, California, on 20 November 1959, to Richard Hovannisian and Vartiter Hovannisian (née Kotcholosian), both children of Armenian genocide survivors.[6] Raffi Hovannisian attended the Palisades Charter High School in Los Angeles, from where he graduated in 1977.[7] In his youth years Hovannisian was a member and later a leader of the California chapter of the Armenian Youth Federation, which is the youth organization of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.[8]

Hovannisian is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley (1977–78) from the Department of Political Science. In 1979–80, he attended the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Armenian History. In 1982, Hovanissian graduated from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of the Tufts University with an M.A. in international law and diplomacy. In 1985, he received his J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center.

Hovannisian worked in the Tufts University as a lecturer of Armenian History from 1981–82. From 1985 to 1989, he worked as an International Lawyer and Civil Litigator in the firms of Hill, Farrer and Burrill, Whitman & Ransom, Stroock & Stroock & Lavan, and Coudert Brothers.[9][10]

Emigration to Armenia

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In October 1988, Hovannisian wrote an article for the Los Angeles Times supporting the Karabakh movement.[11] He was in Soviet Armenia in December 1988, when an earthquake shook northwestern parts of the country.[12] In February 1990, he settled in a one-bedroom apartment off Azizbekov Square (now Sakharov Square) in capital Yerevan.[13] Hovannisian was the Yerevan office director of the Armenian Assembly of America.[14] His family moved to Yerevan in fall 1990.[15]

Hovannisian gave up his United States citizenship on 23 April 2001 to be eligible to become an Armenian citizen.[16][17] On January 9, 2003, the Armenian court rejected Hovannisian's claims on certifying that he has been an Armenian citizen for the past 10 years, which is a requirement in running for president. Thus, he was effectively put out of his way in participating in 2003 presidential election.[18]

Minister of Foreign Affairs

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Hovannisian in 2013

On 7 November 1991 Raffi Hovannisian was appointed as the first Foreign Minister of Armenia.[19] On March 2, 1992 as the Foreign Minister of Armenia, Hovannisian raised the Armenian tricolor at the United Nations headquarters in New York.[20] He served in that position until October 16, 1992, when he was forced to resign,[21] because he and President Levon Ter-Petrosyan took two very different approaches to Armenian national issues.[22]

In September 1992 the Los Angeles Times wrote "Hovannisian's citizenship makes little difference to his fans, however. A recent poll in the Armenian newspaper Epokha found that he enjoyed a mind-boggling 96% approval rating, more than President Ter-Petrosyan. Even among the long faces of a Yerevan bread line, people turned thumbs up when asked about him."[23]

However, Hovannisian was later dismissed in 1992 from his position as Foreign Minister due to his disagreements with Ter-Petrosyan on the issue of relations with Turkey. Specifically, he was critical of Ter-Petrosyan for his urgent desire for normalization of relations with Turkey without stressing the issue of the Armenian Genocide. The final straw occurred when Hovannisian chose to bring up the issue while in Istanbul in late 1992 on a state visit.[24][25]

Heritage

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2007 parliamentary election

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Main article: 2007 Armenian parliamentary election

The Heritage party was the only opposition party to pass the 5% threshold during the 2007 parliamentary election. According to official results, Hovannisian's party earned over 81,000 votes or 6% of the total vote guaranteeing 7 seats at the Armenian National Assembly. However, according to Azg daily's online poll, Heritage had the highest rating in the public with around 25% support.[26] Two months after the election, in July 2007 the approval rating of Raffi Hovannisian was 82% in a US-funded poll.[27]

Hovannisian has spearheaded the campaign to get Armenia to recognize the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. On 28 August 2007, he introduced to the National Assembly a bill on a formal recognition of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.[28]

2008 presidential election

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Main article: 2008 Armenian presidential election
 
Raffi Hovannisian at Yerevan's Freedom Square during his "Fast for Freedom" hunger-strike, March 2011.

Fast for Freedom

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Main article: 2011 Armenian protests

In 2011, Hovannisian encouraged a more assertive Armenian foreign policy, calling for the restitution of territories from both Azerbaijan and Turkey, and support for the rights of the Armenian minority in Georgia.[29]

After regional unrest spurred Armenian merchants to demonstrate in Yerevan against a ban on street trading, Heritage and other political parties began to organize more ambitious rallies aimed at forcing broad governmental changes.[30] On 15 March 2011, hoping to draw attention to his party's cause, Hovannisian began a public hunger strike in a small protest camp in Yerevan's Freedom Square. The unity of the opposition was strained when Levon Ter-Petrosyan, leader of the Armenian National Congress, led demonstrators into Freedom Square two nights later and allegedly ignored Hovannisian and his supporters. Hovannisian ended his hunger strike on 30 March, but has remained active in protests against President Serzh Sargsyan and his government.[31][32][33]

2012 parliamentary election

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Main article: 2012 Armenian parliamentary election

Hovannisian's Heritage party won 5 seats to the National Assembly with 86,998 votes.

2017 parliamentary election

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Main article: 2017 Armenian parliamentary election

The Heritage party formed part of the ORO Alliance. Following the election, Heritage lost all political representation in the National Assembly, gaining just 2.07% of the popular vote.

2013 presidential election

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Hovannisian addressing the crowd at Yerevan's Freedom Square on 22 February 2013
See also: 2013 Armenian presidential election

Hovannisian announced about his decision to run for president in early November 2012.[34] By late December 2012, it was clear that Armenia's first president and main opposition figure Levon Ter-Petrosyan refused to run for president. Hovannisian was perceived to be the main challenger of incumbent president Serzh Sargsyan, however, many doubted Hovannisian's ability to bring about government change in Armenia.

The election campaign started on 21 January 2013 and ended on 16 February. 17 February was an election silence day. Hovannisian ran on a nationalist platform, with strong views on the Armenian genocide recognition and Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Azerbaijan.[35][36]

Protests

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Main article: 2013 Armenian protests

Personal life

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Raffi Hovannisian married his wife Armenouhi in 1985. They have five children, 4 sons and 1 daughter.[37] One of his sons is Garin K. Hovannisian, a journalist and filmmaker. Hovannisian is fluent in Armenian, English, Russian and French.[14]

His wife Armenouhi K. Hovannisian is the executive director of Junior Achievement of Armenia, an affiliate of Junior Achievement Worldwide.[38]

References

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Specific
  1. ^ Րաֆֆի Յովհաննէսեան in classical Armenian orthography
  2. ^ Hovannisian Seeks Extra Parliament Seat, HRA, 2007
  3. ^ "Thousands protest in Armenia after president re-elected". Reuters. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  4. ^ "Is Armenia On The Brink Of A 'Barevolution'?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  5. ^ "Color Coding: "Orange" or "rose" or "apricot", "Barevolution" is re-shaping definition of post-election conflict in Armenia". ArmeniaNow. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  6. ^ "Official biography". Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  7. ^ "Biography". Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  8. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 116.
  9. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RA: Raffi Hovannisian profile Archived 2018-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Hovannisian's profile at National Assembly website
  11. ^ Hovannisian, Raffi (24 October 1988). "Soviet Armenians Practice What They Preach: Liberty". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  12. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 80.
  13. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 155.
  14. ^ a b Hovannisian 2010, p. 156.
  15. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 157.
  16. ^ Hovannisian 2010, pp. 206–207.
  17. ^ "Quarterly Publication of Individuals, Who Have Chosen To Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039G". Federal Register. 2002-10-31. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  18. ^ Kalantarian, Karine (10 January 2003). "Court rules against Hovannisian". ArmeniaNow. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  19. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 164.
  20. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 171.
  21. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 177.
  22. ^ Hovannisian 2010, p. 169.
  23. ^ Goldberg, Carey (29 September 1992). "Profile : Armenian Office Has an American Accent : Foreign Minister Raffi Hovannisian grew up in Brentwood. But he says his upbringing prepared him for his new job". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  24. ^ Oskanien, K.; Oskanian, Kevork (2013-10-24). Fear, Weakness and Power in the Post-Soviet South Caucasus: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Springer. ISBN 9781137026767.
  25. ^ "Armenia's Hybrid Politician: A Look at Raffi Hovannisian through U.S. Embassy Cables". 21 March 2013.
  26. ^ ""Heritage" (Jarangutyun), "Impeachment" and "Armenian Democratic Party" (AJKk) gain first places". Azg. 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  27. ^ Political Ratings, July 2007, IRI, USAID, Gallup. Armenian general public opinion survey, July 2007
  28. ^ Ghazinyan, Aris (31 August 2007). "Strategic Planning: Heritage Party bill forces debate on NKR question". ArmeniaNow. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  29. ^ Hovannisian, Raffi (15 February 2011). "Don't Tread on Me: Little Armenia's Bottom Line at 20". Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  30. ^ Grigoryan, Marianna (3 February 2011). "Armenia: Egypt events energizing opposition in Yerevan". Tert.am. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  31. ^ "Armenian Opposition Leader Ends Hunger Strike". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  32. ^ "Human Rights Defender Supports Right of Peaceful Assembly". Hetq Online. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  33. ^ "Armenian intellectuals stage sit-down strike in Liberty Square". NEWS.am. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  34. ^ Stepanyan, Ruzanna (5 November 2011). Րաֆֆի Հովհաննիսյան. 2013 թվականը ես ինձ վրա պետք է վերցնեմ. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  35. ^ "Ensuring recognition of the Armenian Genocide will be a must if Raffi Hovhannisyan is elected". Public Radio of Armenia. 19 January 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  36. ^ "Yerevan will recognize Karabakh if I am elected - Raffi Hovannisian". News.am. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  37. ^ Official biography Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Haylur Dismays Diasporan Philanthropists
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