The Rancho Bernardo Handicap is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares age three and older run over a distance of six and one half furlongs on the dirt held annually in August at Del Mar Racetrack in Del Mar, California. The event currently carries a purse of $100,000.
Grade III race | |
Location | Del Mar Racetrack Del Mar, California |
---|---|
Inaugurated | 1967 |
Race type | Thoroughbred - Flat racing |
Website | Del Mar |
Race information | |
Distance | 6+1⁄2 furlongs |
Surface | Dirt |
Track | left-handed |
Qualification | Fillies & Mares, three-years-old and older |
Weight | Handicap |
Purse | $100,000 (2024) |
History
editThe event named after the master-planned community community Rancho Bernardo, San Diego located about 25 miles from Del Mar, was inaugurated on 14 October 1967 during the then Del Mar Fall meeting and held in split divisions for three-year-olds and older, and was run over a distance of one mile on the dirt track.[1] The event was idle for five years and was resurrected in 1973 again in split divisions for three-year-olds and older, but this time on the grass track over 1+1⁄16 miles.[2]
In 1974 the event was shortened to 6 furlongs and conditions were for fillies and mares three-years-old and older.[3]
In 1986 the distance for the event was increased to 6+1⁄2 furlongs which is the current distance.[3]
In 1988 the event was classified as a Grade III race.[4]
In 1997 the John W. Sadler trained Track Gal won the event for the third time straight.[5]
Between 1990 and 1995 the race had Breeders' Cup incentives which reflected in the name of the event.[4] As of 2008, it is a Breeders' Cup "Win And You're In" event, qualifying the winner to run in the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint.
The event has showcased some brilliant female sprinters that have gone on to capture Breeders' Cup events. Of these mares, the 1995 winner Desert Stormer went onto win the Breeders' Cup Sprint at Belmont Park defeating males. The 2014 winner Judy the Beauty went on to win the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint and was crowned US Champion Female Sprint Horse that year.
Records
editSpeed record:
- 6+1⁄2 furlongs: 1:14.20 - Track Gal (1995)
- 6 furlongs: 1:08.60 - Impressive Style (1974), Great Lady M. (1980), Lucky Lady Ellen (1982), Pleasure Cay (1984)
Margins:
- 7 lengths - Sweet Azteca (2024)
Most wins:
- 3 - Track Gal (1995, 1996, 1997)
Most wins by a jockey:
- 9 - Laffit Pincay, Jr. (1976, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1991, 2000)
- 8 - Chris McCarron (1978, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)
Most wins by a trainer:
- 7 - John W. Sadler (1995, 1996, 1997, 2008, 2018, 2021, 2022)
Most wins by an owner:
- 3 - William H. Oldknow & Robert W. Phipps (1995, 1996, 1997)
- 3 - Hronis Racing (2018, 2021, 2022)
Winners
editYear | Winner | Age | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Distance | Time | Purse | Grade | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2024 | Sweet Azteca | 4 | Flavien Prat | Michael W. McCarthy | Pamela C. Ziebarth | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.60 | $100,500 | III | [6] |
2023 | Eda | 4 | Juan J. Hernandez | Bob Baffert | Baoma Corp | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:16.49 | $126,000 | III | [7] |
2022 | Edgeway | 5 | Juan J. Hernandez | John W. Sadler | Hronis Racing | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.97 | $150,000 | III | [8] |
2021 | Edgeway | 4 | Joe Bravo | John W. Sadler | Hronis Racing | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:16.80 | $98,000 | III | [9] |
2020 | Sneaking Out | 4 | Umberto Rispoli | Jerry Hollendorfer | KMN Racing | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.57 | $101,500 | III | [10] |
2019 | Danuska's My Girl | 5 | Geovanni Franco | Jerry Hollendorfer | Bad Boy Racing | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:17.13 | $101,404 | III | [11] |
2018 | Yuvetsi | 4 | Tyler Baze | John W. Sadler | Hronis Racing | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:17.22 | $98,000 | III | [12] |
2017 | Skye Diamonds | 4 | Tiago Josue Pereira | William Spawr | Allen Racing, Bloom Racing Stables, Tom Acker & John Lindo | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:16.35 | $100,000 | III | [13] |
2016 | Tara's Tango | 4 | Martin Garcia | Jerry Hollendorfer | Stonestreet Stables | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.60 | $100,345 | III | [14] |
2015 | Taris | 4 | Gary L. Stevens | Simon Callaghan | Mrs. John Magnier, Michael B. Tabor & Derrick Smith | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.31 | $100,500 | III | [15] |
2014 | Judy the Beauty | 5 | Mike E. Smith | Wesley A. Ward | Wesley A. Ward | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.63 | $147,000 | III | [16] |
2013 | Reneesgotzip | 4 | Garrett K. Gomez | Peter L. Miller | Lanni Family Trust | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.48 | $150,000 | III | [17] |
2012 | Winding Way | 3 | Rafael Bejarano | Carla Gaines | Spendthrift Farm | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.93 | $150,000 | III | [18] |
2011 | Tanda | 4 | Joseph Talamo | Mike R. Mitchell | Tommy Hutton's Dream Stable | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.34 | $147,000 | III | [19] |
2010 | Sweet August Moon | 5 | Victor Espinoza | Brian J. Koriner | Legacy Ranch & Team MacPherson | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:16.40 | $150,000 | III | [20] |
2009 | Carlsbad | 3 | Tyler Baze | Jeff Mullins | Dennis E. Weir | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.93 | $200,000 | III | [21] |
2008 | Dearest Trickski | 4 | Mike E. Smith | John W. Sadler | Tom Mankiewicz | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.17 | $200,000 | III | [22] |
2007 | River's Prayer | 4 | Clinton L. Potts | Paula S. Capestro | Bantry Farms,Paula S. Capestro & Martin Racing Stable | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:17.85 | $200,000 | III | [23] |
2006 | Behaving Badly | 5 | Victor Espinoza | Bob Baffert | Patti & Hal J. Earnhardt III | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.04 | $200,000 | III | [24] |
2005 | Behaving Badly | 4 | Victor Espinoza | Bob Baffert | Patti & Hal J. Earnhardt III | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.32 | $150,000 | III | [25] |
2004 | Dream of Summer | 5 | Mike E. Smith | Juan J. Garcia | James Weigel | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.85 | $150,000 | III | [26] |
2003 | Secret Liaison | 5 | Corey Nakatani | Ted H. West | Desperado Stables | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.53 | $150,000 | III | [27] |
2002 | Kalookan Queen | 6 | Alex O. Solis | Bruce Headley | Luis A. Asistio | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:16.40 | $150,000 | III | [28] |
2001 | Kalookan Queen | 5 | Alex O. Solis | Bruce Headley | Luis A. Asistio | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.52 | $150,000 | III | [29] |
2000 | Theresa's Tizzy | 6 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | Noble Threewitt | Bellestri, Johnson, Leach, et al | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:16.23 | $150,000 | III | [30] |
1999 | Enjoy the Moment | 4 | David R. Flores | William Spawr | Farfellow Farm | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.97 | $150,000 | III | [31] |
1998 | Advancing Star | 5 | Chris McCarron | Richard E. Mandella | Golden Eagle Farm | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.64 | $106,900 | III | [32] |
1997 | Track Gal | 6 | Gary L. Stevens | John W. Sadler | William H. Oldknow & Robert W. Phipps | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.64 | $109,125 | III | [33] |
1996 | Track Gal | 5 | Chris McCarron | John W. Sadler | William H. Oldknow & Robert W. Phipps | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.64 | $103,550 | III | [34] |
1995 | Track Gal | 4 | Chris McCarron | John W. Sadler | William H. Oldknow & Robert W. Phipps | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.28 | $103,025 | III | [35] |
1994 | Desert Stormer | 4 | Eddie Delahoussaye | Fabio Nor | Joanne H. Nor | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.81 | $107,800 | III | [36] |
1993 | Knight Prospector | 4 | Kent J. Desormeaux | Craig Anthony Lewis | Gaswirth & Mirage Stable | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:16.40 | $88,800 | III | [37] |
1992 | Bountiful Native | 4 | Pat Valenzuela | Dan L. Hendricks | Mr. & Mrs. Martin J. Wygod | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.30 | $106,525 | III | [38] |
1991 | Cascading Gold | 5 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | Neil D. Drysdale | Morven Stud Farm | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.42 | $94,475 | III | [39] |
1990 | Hot Novel | 4 | Kent J. Desormeaux | Fabio Nor | Joanne H. Nor | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.60 | $107,875 | III | [40] |
1989 | Kool Arrival | 3 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | Melvin F. Stute | Pete Valenti, John Coelho, & Philip Fields | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.20 | $81,375 | III | [41] |
1988 | Clabber Girl | 5 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | D. Wayne Lukas | John A. Nerud | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.60 | $65,750 | III | [42] |
1987 | Julie the Flapper | 3 | Chris McCarron | D. Wayne Lukas | Calumet Farm | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:15.00 | $55,700 | [43] | |
1986 | Bold N Special | 3 | Chris McCarron | D. Wayne Lukas | Patricia A. & Cleber J. Massey | 6+1⁄2 furlongs | 1:14.60 | $53,350 | [44] | |
1985 | Take My Picture | 3 | Frank Olivares | Gary J. Lewis | L. G. & Helen Rhodes | 6 furlongs | 1:09.20 | $55,700 | [45] | |
1984 | Pleasure Cay | 4 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | Neil D. Drysdale | William S. Kilroy | 6 furlongs | 1:08.60 | $54,750 | [46] | |
1983 | Bara Lass | 4 | Chris McCarron | D. Wayne Lukas | Sam Edward Stevens | 6 furlongs | 1:09.40 | $54,300 | [47] | |
1982 | Lucky Lady Ellen | 3 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | D. Wayne Lukas | Cloyce Box | 6 furlongs | 1:08.60 | $54,350 | [48] | |
1981 | Forluvofiv | 4 | Eddie Delahoussaye | Karl Pew | Amy’s Racing Stable, Karl Pew & Tom Stadel | 6 furlongs | 1:09.40 | $53,900 | [49] | |
1980 | Great Lady M. | 5 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | D. Wayne Lukas | Robert H. Spreen | 6 furlongs | 1:08.60 | $43,800 | [50] | |
1979 | Fantastic Girl | 3 | Bill Shoemaker | Gary F. Jones | Golden Eagle Farm | 6 furlongs | 1:09.20 | $38,500 | [51] | |
1978 | Happy Holme | 4 | Chris McCarron | Warren Stute | Indian Hill Stable | 6 furlongs | 1:13.00 | $31,700 | [52] | |
1977 | Lullaby Song | 4 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | Roger E. Clapp | Mrs. Connie M. Ring | 6 furlongs | 1:09.00 | $27,800 | [53] | |
1976 | Mama Kali | 5 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | David E. Hofmans | Pearson’s Barn | 6 furlongs | 1:09.20 | $27,650 | [54] | |
1975 | Mama Kali | 4 | Jerry Lambert | David E. Hofmans | Pearson’s Barn | 6 furlongs | 1:09.20 | $28,300 | [55] | |
1974 | Impressive Style | 4 | Rudy Rosales | Bill McCormick | Johnston & Johnston | 6 furlongs | 1:08.60 | $27,550 | [56] | |
1973 | Fairly Certain | 4 | Steve Valdez | Theodore Saladin | Ada L. Martin | 1+1⁄16 miles | 1:42.80 | $17,150 | 3YO & older | Division 1[57] |
Dollar Discount | 4 | Steve Valdez | Theodore Saladin | Ada L. Martin | 1+1⁄16 miles | 1:43.20 | $16,550 | Division 2 Dead heat[58] | ||
D. B. Carm | 4 | Fernando Toro | Sid Martin | Mr. & Mrs. S. N. Simmons | ||||||
1968–1972 | Race not held | |||||||||
1967 | Sharp Decline | 5 | Raymond Bianco | Curt N. Sundlie | W. H. Cook | 1 mile | 1:33.80 | $13,250 | 3YO & older | Division 1[1] |
Quicken Tree | 4 | Bill Hartack | Clyde Turk | Louis R. Rowan & Wheelock Whitney, Jr. | 1:35.20 | $13,325 | Division 2[59] |
Legend:
All Weather Track
Dirt
Turf
See also
editExternal site
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Hebert, Bob (15 October 1967). "Sharp Decline, Quicken Tree Score (1967 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Division 1 - race 7: held 14 October 1967)". Los Angeles Times. p. 58. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "RANCHO BERNARDO HANDICAP (2ND. DIV.) - DEL MAR, CA". Thoroughbred Pedigree Online. 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ a b "RANCHO BERNARDO HANDICAP - MULTIPLE TRACKS". Thoroughbred Pedigree Online. 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Rancho Bernardo Handicap (Gr. 3)". Equibase. 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Track Gal sprints to three-peat, wins RB Handicap". North County Times. 10 August 1967. p. 25. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "2024 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 25 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
- ^ "2023 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 27 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- ^ "2022 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 28 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ "2021 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 6)". Equibase. 21 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "2020 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ^ "2019 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2018 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 3)". Equibase. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2017 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 6)". Equibase. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2016 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2015 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 4)". Equibase. 16 August 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2014 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 4)". Equibase. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2013 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 4)". Equibase. 18 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2012 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 6)". Equibase. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2011 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 3)". Equibase. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2010 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 4)". Equibase. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2009 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 4 September 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2008 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 24 August 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2007 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 17 August 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2006 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 18 August 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2005 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 19 August 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2004 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 21 August 2004. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2003 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 23 August 2003. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2002 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 3)". Equibase. 25 August 2002. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2001 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 3)". Equibase. 19 August 2001. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "2000 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 3)". Equibase. 26 August 2000. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1999 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 21 August 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1998 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 9 August 1998. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1997 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 9 August 1997. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1996 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 10 August 1996. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1995 Rancho Bernardo Breeders' Cup Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 13 August 1995. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1994 Rancho Bernardo Breeders' Cup Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 13 August 1994. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1993 Rancho Bernardo Breeders' Cup Handicap Grade 3 - (race 3)". Equibase. 15 August 1993. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1992 Rancho Bernardo Breeders' Cup Handicap Grade 3 - (race 8)". Equibase. 22 August 1992. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "1991 Rancho Bernardo Breeders' Cup Handicap Grade 3 - (race 7)". Equibase. 18 August 1991. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ Mieczerski, Bob (20 August 1990). "Del Mar Racing Roundup (1990 Rancho Bernardo Breeders' Cup Handicap - race 5: held 19 August 1990)". Los Angeles Times. p. 43. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Horse Racing Notes (1989 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 5: held 20 August 1989)". Los Angeles Times. 21 August 1989. p. 33. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Horse Racing Notes (1988 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 5: held 31 July 1988)". Los Angeles Times. 1 August 1988. p. 35. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Horse Racing Notes (1987 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 5: held 15 August 1987)". Los Angeles Times. 16 August 1987. p. 78. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Horse Racing Notes (1986 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 3: held 10 August 1986)". Los Angeles Times. 11 August 1986. p. 37. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ Scott, Steve (31 August 1985). "Take My Picture is Picture Perfect in Del Mar Feature (1985 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 30 August 1985)". Los Angeles Times. p. 42. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Del Mar Charts (1984 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 31 August 1984)". Los Angeles Times. 1 September 1984. p. 42. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Bara Lass wins at Del Mar (1983 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 2 September 1983)". The Associated Press. The San Bernardino County Sun. 3 September 1983. p. 33. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Lucky Lady Ellen wins at Del Mar feature (1982 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 1 September 1982)". The Associated Press. The San Bernardino County Sun. 2 September 1982. p. 91. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Forluvofiv wins feature (1981 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 2 September 1981)". The Associated Press. The San Bernardino County Sun. 3 September 1981. p. 91. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Great Lady M. Score Feature Win at Del Mar (1980 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 4 September 1980)". The Associated Press. Los Angeles Times. 5 September 1980. p. 49. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Shoemaker wins With Fantastic Girl (1979 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 6 September 1979)". The Associated Press. Los Angeles Times. 7 September 1979. p. 46. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Happy Holme Wins Del Mar feature (1978 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 6 September 1978)". The Associated Press. Los Angeles Times. 7 September 1978. p. 61. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Choice wins at Del Mar feature (1977 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 7 September 1977)". The Associated Press. Long Beach Independent. 8 September 1977. p. 38. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Pincay wins 10th Stakes (1976 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 8 September 1976)". The Associated Press. Los Angeles Times. 9 September 1976. p. 53. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Mama Kali Upset winner in Rancho Bernardo Handicap (1975 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 8: held 6 September 1975)". The Associated Press. Escondido Times-Advocate. 7 September 1975. p. 14. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Mama Kali Upset winner in Rancho Bernardo Handicap (1974 Rancho Bernardo Handicap - race 7: held 7 September 1974)". United Press International. The Sacramento Bee. 8 September 1974. p. 75. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Steve Valdez Wins, Shares (1973 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Division 1 - race 6: held 19 August 1973)". The Associated Press. The Sacramento Bee. 20 August 1973. p. 25. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Bernando 'Cap sweep - Valdez wins one, ties one ((1973 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Division 2 - race 7: held 19 August 1973)". The Associated Press. Long Beach Independent Press-Telegram. 20 August 1973. p. 24. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Del Mar Charts (1967 Rancho Bernardo Handicap Division 2 - race 8: held 14 October 1967)". The San Bernardino County Sun. 15 October 1967. p. 48. Retrieved 9 August 2020.