Wikipedia

Rudolf von Scheliha

Rudolf "Dolf" von Scheliha (31 May 1897 – 22 December 1942) was a German aristocrat, cavalry officer and diplomat who became a resistance fighter and anti-Nazi who was linked to the Red Orchestra.

Rudolf "Dolf" von Scheliha
Born31 May 1897 (1897-05-31)
Silesia, German Empire
Died22 December 1942(1942-12-22) (aged 45)
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, Nazi Germany
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
NationalityGerman
EducationUniversity of Breslau, University of Heidelberg
Occupation(s)Diplomat, resistance fighter
EmployerForeign Office
Known forCreated a comprehensive library of German occupation crimes, on the atrocities of the Gestapo.
Political partyNazi Party
SpouseMarie Louise von Medinger
ChildrenSylvia, Elisabeth

He fought in the World War I, an experience that defined his politics. He joined the German Foreign Office, was trained to be a diplomat and was sent to the embassy in Warsaw. In the years leading up to the war, Von Scheliha was placed in a position of trust in the Foreign Office.In 1934, he was recruited by Soviet intelligence because of financial necessity while he served in Warsaw, where he passed documents to the Soviet intelligence. In the years leading up to the Second World War, he became a committed opponent of the Nazi regime and of its anti-Semitic policies.[1]

He became the director of an information department in the embassy in September 1939, which was established to counter enemy propaganda. As part of his position, photographs of atrocities against Jews and other people passed through his department and were used for propaganda. Appalled at what he saw, he began to resist and built a portfolio of the worst images over several years. In January 1942, the portfolio was smuggled to London.[2]

In June 1941, the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union caused his line of communication to the Soviets to be cut off. Soviet intelligence tried several times to reinitiate communications with him but were unsuccessful. In May 1942, Soviet intelligence sent an agent, Erna Eifler, to make contact with von Scheliha in Berlin,[3] but she was captured.

Von Scheliha was executed by hanging in Plötzensee Prison on 14 December 1942.[4]

Early life

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Rudolf von Scheliha was born in Zessel, Oels, Silesia (now Cieśle, Oleśnica, Poland), as the son of the Prussian aristocrat and officer Rudolph von Scheliha. His mother was the Marie Luise von Scheliha née Miquel[5] who was a daughter of Lord Mayor of Frankfurt and Prussian Finance Minister Johann von Miquel.[6] His younger sister, Renata von Scheliha,[7] was a classical philologist.

In 1927, Rudolf married the noblewomen Marie Louise von Scheliha (1904-2003) née von Medinger, the daughter of a large landowner and industrialist.[8][9] The couple had two daughters: Sylvia, born in 14 November 1930, and Elisabeth, born in 1934. Sylvia became an engineer, and Elisabeth received a doctorate in chemistry, with the latter surviving to 2016 and dying in Adliswil.[10][11]

Military

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He served as an army officer in World War I and volunteered after his graduation in 1915. Scheliha volunteered at the same regiment, the Cavalry Rifle Regiment, Guard Cavalry Rifle Division, in which his father and uncle had served; its officers were drawn from the nobility.[12]

On 8 August 1918, he was shelled in a ditch with two brothers, who were blown up, and one brother died months later from his injuries.[12] Scheliha was buried; when he was rescued, his hair had turned grey, and he was suffering from shell shock.[12] His parents were shocked at the change but he never spoke of his experiences.[12]

He was honoured for his efforts by both Iron Crosses and the Silver Wound Badge.[13][page needed]

Career

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Until 1932

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After the war, he studied law in Breslau.[14] In May 1919, he moved to the University of Heidelberg, where he joined the Corps Saxo-Borussia that year and came in contact with republican and anti-totalitarian circles.[15] He was elected to the AStA, the Association of Heidelberg Associations, where he vehemently opposed the students' anti-Semitic riots.[16]

After his examination in 1921, he became first clerk at the Court of Appeal in 1922. In February 1922, von Scheliha joined the regional office of the Foreign Office in Hamburg.[4] After six months, he was promoted to attaché.[4] He began to work in the department responsible for East European affairs in the office of Undersecretary of State Adolf Georg von Maltzan in Berlin.[4] In December 1924, he was promoted again and was admitted to the diplomatic service.[4] Over the following years, von Scheliha took over tasks in the diplomatic missions of Prague, Constantinople, Angora, Katowice and Warsaw. In 1927, he was appointed to the position of legation secretary.[4]

A few months after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Reichskanzler in January 1933, von Scheliha became a member of the Nazi Party, a requirement as a diplomat, resulting in him participating in the Nuremberg Rally.[17]

1932 to 1942

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From 1932 to 1939, von Scheliha was a member of the German embassy in Warsaw. In October 1932, he joined the embassy staff as a Legation Secretary.[10] In 1937 von Scheliha was promoted to Councillor II Class.[10] In September 1939 he was appointed director of an information department in the Foreign Office that had been created to counter foreign press and radio news propaganda on the German occupation in Poland.[18] His appointment allowed him to verify the veracity of foreign reports and to interview Nazi officials.[18] In that position, he would often protest to Nazi agencies against German war crimes in Poland. As well as being critical of Kliest, he disagreed with the brutality of Richard Heydrich and of Hans Frank and started to resist.[19]

Von Scheliha also helped Poles and Jews flee abroad. He became aware of the atrocities committed by the Third Reich under the Nazi regime and made contact with Polish nobles and intellectuals. Working either in an official capacity or through a friend, he helped many people escape from Poland and in some cases provided money for travel costs.[20] He remained capable of establishing several partial contacts after the beginning of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and used them to disseminate news concerning Nazi crimes abroad.

Informant

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In the summer of 1937, Von Scheliha, who had risen to become the First Secretary at the German embassy in Warsaw, began working for Soviet intelligence.[21] His first case officer, if not recruiter, was Rudolf Herrnstadt, a former journalist for the left-wing Berliner Tageblatt. As Herrnstadt was Jewish, contact with von Scheliha became increasingly difficult, and an intermediary who would not be recognised was needed. Ilse Stöbe, a communist who was a secretary to Theodor Wolff for the newspaper Berliner Tageblatt, agreed to act as a cutout. Until September 1939, Herrnstadt passed the documents to the Soviet Embassy in Warsaw that Scheliha had supplied through Stöbe.[22]

Archive

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Von Scheliha secretly began making a collection of documents on the atrocities of the Gestapo in 1939, particularly on the murders of Jews in Poland, which also contained photographs of the newly-established extermination camps. In June 1941, he showed the dossier to a Polish intelligence agent, Countess Klementyna Mankowska, who was a member of the anti-Nazi group the Muszkieterowie ("Musketeers") for which she worked as a courier.[23] Mankowska visited him at the Foreign Office in Berlin to make the details known to the Polish resistance and to the Allies.[24] Mankowska wrote that she was led into a large well-furnished room and that Von Scheliha presented a large thick folder, which described the gassing of Jews and other people.[23]

The Nazi Culture in Poland

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In the autumn of 1941, Von Scheliha invited his Polish friend, Count Konstantin Bninski, to Berlin under the pretext of writing propaganda texts for the Foreign Office against the Polish resistance. The German diplomat and historian Ulrich Sahm [de] considered it probable in his 1990 biography that von Scheliha then passed material to Bninski that contained a comprehensive documentation of crimes during the German occupation, in addition to members of the Polish resistance. Co-authored with fellow German diplomat Johann von Wühlisch, it was completed in January 1942 and was titled The Nazi Culture in Poland. The document that was recorded onto microfilm, was smuggled to Britain at a high personal risk to those involved, and is considered one of the most detailed contemporary accounts of the early Holocaust in Eastern Europe during the war.[13][page needed] The document describes the persecution of the church, the school and the university system; the dark role of the Institute of German Ostarbeiter as the driver of cultural rescheduling; the relocation and the sacking of libraries; the devastation of monuments; the looting of archives, museums and the private collections of the Polish nobility; the subversion of Polish theatre, music and press; and the forcible destruction of other cultural institutions by the Nazi Party.[24]The Polish government-in-exile published the document as a novel from 1944 to 1945.[24] During that period, von Scheliha was in contact with Generalmajor Henning von Tresckow, who was also becoming increasingly antifascist[25] after he had witnessed the murder of Jews. He would later take part in the 20 July Plot.[26]

In February 1942, von Scheliha ended his attempts to name and send out exiled Poles as helpers for German propaganda to stop endangering them and himself. At the same time, he closed the small Polish research department foreign office for fear of its members' lives.[27] He began to despair and realised his powerlessness.[27] That spring, he travelled to Switzerland, where his sister lived[27] and provided Swiss diplomats with information on Aktion T4, including sermons by Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen on the murders of the mentally ill.[28] He also sent reports on the Final Solution, including the construction and the operation of more extermination camps, and on Hitler's order to exterminate European Jews.[29]

Von Scheliha made further trips to Switzerland in September and October 1942. On his final trip he warned Carl Jacob Burckhardt of the International Committee of the Red Cross about the Final Solution.[5] Burckhardt in turn informed the American consul in Geneva which was the first news of the Nazi extermination camps reaching the allies.[5]

The extent of Soviet intelligence interest in von Scheliha was shown in May 1942, when Bernhard Bästlein assisted Erna Eifler, Wilhelm Fellendorf, Soviet agents who had parachuted into Germany in May 1942 with wireless telegraphy sets and been instructed to find Ilse Stöbe to re-establish communications with Von Scheliha.[3] Eifler failed to contact Stöbe, who was then in Dresden.[30] Eifler was arrested on 15 October and Fellendorf a short while later. Another Soviet agent, Heinrich Koenen, was dropped on 23 October to make another attempt to contact Stöbe and von Scheliha. Koenen was on a mission to pass all material that had been collected by von Scheliha and Stöbe to Soviet intelligence, but he was arrested in Berlin on 26 October 1942.[31]

Shortly after von Scheliha had returned from Switzerland, Stöbe was arrested on 12 September, followed by von Scheliha on 29 October in the office of the Foreign Office's personnel director.[4]

Arrest and death

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Suspected by the Gestapo for his critical attitude, he was charged by the Second Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht of being a member of the Red Orchestra and sentenced to death on 14 December 1942 for "treason for money" (Landesverrat gegen Geld).[4] On 22 December 1942, he was executed by hanging in Plötzensee Prison.[32][24]

His wife, Marie Louise, was arrested on 22 December 1942 and taken to the women's prison in Charlottenburg. There, she was repeatedly interrogated and threatened but released on 6 November 1943. In the last days of the war, she fled with her daughters to Niederstetten via Prague. In Haltenbergstetten Castle, the former castle of the principality of Hohenlohe-Jagstberg, the family lived in a cellar mainly on mushrooms, berries and fruit.[33][34]

Reappraisal

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Stolperstein at Wilhelmstraße 92 in Mitte, Berlin, the former headquarters of the Federal Foreign Office

In West German historiography, in particular by the German historians Hans Rothfels, Peter Hoffman and the Dutch historian Ger van Roon [de], von Scheliha was not seen as a resistance fighter[35] but as a spy for the Soviet services. In the process, the acts of interrogation and the Gestapo records continued to be uncritically classified as "sources" that were adopted by journalists and historians, to which former Nazi prosecutors such as Manfred Roeder[36] and Alexander Kraell [de], the former president of the Second Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht, contributed after 1945.[37][38][39][40]

Trial

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In 1952, Von Schelihas widow Marie Louise von Scheliha applied for compensation but which was refused as her husband was not classified as a resistance fighter, but as a traitor.[41] The Foreign Office adopted this attitude[41] and for more than 50 years it refused to recognise Von Scheliha due to the findings of the 1942 Gestapo investigation.[42] This was illustrated on 20 July 1961, when the Foreign Office in Bonn commemorated eleven of its employees, who were executed as resistance fighters, with a plaque, including Albrecht Graf von Bernstorff, Ulrich von Hassell, Adam von Trott zu Solz and Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg. Von Scheliha was not mentioned because he continued to pass on information to the Soviet Union, which was considered a betrayal.[43] In 1956, Marie Louise von Scheliha petitioned the West German president Theodor Heuss who granted her a "revocable maintenance contribution amounting to the legal widow's daily needs".[41] The size of the contribution left her impoverished at the same time as widows of Nazis prosecutors had received full pension rights.[41] In 1993, Von Scheliha made a request to the Württemberg State Office for a full pension benefits and was again refused as Rudolf von Scheliha has been subject to a "proper trial".[41]

From the mid-80's onwards, the retired diplomat Ulrich Sahm campaigned to rehabilitate von Scheliha.[44] It wasn't until 1986, that von Scheliha was rehabilitated in the eyes of historians with the publication of Sahm's meticulously researched "Rudolf von Scheliha 1897–1942. Ein deutscher Diplomat gegen Hitler" (Rudolf von Scheliha 1897-1942: A German diplomat against Hitler).[13] Sahm reframes von Scheliha as a "daring and honourable resistance fighter".[35] The release of the book was the likely basis[44] for the 8th Chamber of Cologne Administrative Court [de] (reference number 8K 5055/94), to rule on 25 October 1995 that Scheliha had been sentenced to death not for espionage but in a sham trial for his opposition to Nazism, which overturned the 1942 verdict to legally rehabilitate von Scheliha.[45] The court ruled that von Scheliha has acted out of ideological motives, not for monetary reasons, i.e. "Scheliha had been persecuted because of his political opposition".[42] According to witness statements and Sahm's historical research[42] it was proved that von Scheliha did not even know that the information he had passed on to Ilse Stöbe and Rudolf Herrnstadt had been passed on to the Soviet Union.[46] This in turn proved that it was inconceivable that he committed "paid treason".[44]

Awards and honours

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Von-Scheliha-Straße in Hamburg-Neuallermöhe

On 21 December 1995 at the Foreign Office, in a ceremony with State Secretary Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz [de], attached an additional board with the inscription "Rudolf von Scheliha 1897–1942".[47] On 18 July 2000 in a ceremony at the new Foreign Office in Berlin, both boards were brought together and the names listed in the sequence of death dates. Von Scheliha's name leads the list.[47] On 9 July 2014 Ilse Stöbe received the same honour at the Foreign Office.[47]

Odonymy

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In Neuallermöhe, a street was named in memory of von Scheliha on 5 May 1997. There is a street in Gotha named Schelihastraße, but the street is named after the Oberhofmeister Ludwig Albert von Scheliha, who owned a large garden plot on the street on which the Protestant church stands today.

References

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  1. ^ Schulte & Wala 2013, p. 192.
  2. ^ Schulte & Wala 2013, p. 188.
  3. ^ a b Kesaris 1979, p. 29.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Rudolf von Scheliha". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Kühner 2010.
  6. ^ Spectrum.direct 2024.
  7. ^ Coppi & Kebir 2013, p. 80.
  8. ^ Frauke Geyken (9 May 2014). Wir standen nicht abseits: Frauen im Widerstand gegen Hitler. C.H.Beck. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-406-65903-4. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  9. ^ Eckelmann, Susanne (19 December 2018). "Rudolf von Scheliha 1897-1942". LEMO. Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b c Hürter 2005, p. 646.
  11. ^ Isphording, Keiper & Kröger 2012, p. 56.
  12. ^ a b c d Schulte & Wala 2013, pp. 177–178.
  13. ^ a b c Sahm 1990.
  14. ^ Coppi & Kebir 2013, p. 50.
  15. ^ Kösener corps lists 1996, 140, 1312
  16. ^ Schulte & Wala 2013, pp. 177–179.
  17. ^ Eckelmann, Susanne (19 December 2018). "Rudolf von Scheliha 1897-1942". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Berlin: Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  18. ^ a b Eckelmann, Susanne (19 December 2018). "Rudolf von Scheliha 1897-1942". LEMO. Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  19. ^ Schulte & Wala 2013, p. 184.
  20. ^ Schulte & Wala 2013, p. 183.
  21. ^ Andrew, Christopher & Gordievsky, Oleg, The KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, New York: Harper Collins, 1990 page 192.
  22. ^ Kesaris 1979, p. 232.
  23. ^ a b Schulte & Wala 2013, p. 185.
  24. ^ a b c d Kienlechner 2007.
  25. ^ Juchler, Ingo, ed. (25 October 2017). Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin. Universitätsverlag Potsdam. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-86956-407-4. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  26. ^ Fest, Joachim (1997). Plotting Hitler's Death. London: Phoenix House. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-85799-917-4.
  27. ^ a b c Schulte & Wala 2013, p. 190.
  28. ^ Vesper 2010.
  29. ^ Ueberschär 2006, p. 139.
  30. ^ Brysac, Shareen Blair (12 October 2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-19-531353-6.
  31. ^ Kesaris 1979, p. 152.
  32. ^ Sahm 1990, pp. 220–221.
  33. ^ Matthews 2022, p. 257.
  34. ^ Harmsen 2018.
  35. ^ a b Klemperer 1994, p. 68.
  36. ^ Brettin 2018.
  37. ^ Grosse 2005.
  38. ^ Fikus 2018.
  39. ^ Roloff 2004, pp. 297–305.
  40. ^ Tuchel 2018, p. 205.
  41. ^ a b c d e Wippermann 2013.
  42. ^ a b c Frei & Hayes 2011, p. 67.
  43. ^ Rohkrämer 1991.
  44. ^ a b c Blasius 2013.
  45. ^ Isphording, Keiper & Kröger 2012, p. 6.
  46. ^ Gysi 2011.
  47. ^ a b c Steinmeier 2014.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Rosiejka, Gert (1986). Die Rote Kapelle: "Landesverrat" als antifaschist. Widerstand [The Red Orchestra. "Treason" as anti-fascist resistance. With an introduction by Heinrich Scheel] (in German) (1st ed.). Hamburg: Ergebnisse-Verl. ISBN 3-925622-16-0.
  • Kegel, Gerhard (1984). In den Stürmen unseres Jahrhunderts: ein deutscher Kommunist über sein ungewöhnliches Leben [In the storms of our century. A German communist about his unusual life] (in German). Berlin: Dietz Verlag.
  • Wiaderny, Bernard (2003). Die Katholische Kirche in Polen (1945-1989): eine Quellenedition [The Catholic Church in Poland (1945-1989): A source edition] (in German) (1. ed.). Berlin: VWF, Verlag für Wissenschaft und Forschung. ISBN 978-3-89700-074-2. (Lars Jockheck: Rezension. In: sehepunkte. 3, 2003, Nr. 4.)
  • Conze, Eckart; Frei, Norbert; Hayes, Peter; Zimmermann, Moshe (2010). Das Amt und die Vergangenheit: deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik [The Office and the Past: German Diplomats in the Third Reich and the Federal Republic of Germany] (in German) (2. Aufl ed.). Munich: Blessing. ISBN 978-3-89667-430-2.
  • Ruchniewicz, Krzysztof (1999). "Rudolf von Scheliha – Niemiecki dyplomata przeciw Hitlerowi". Zbliżenia Polska-Niemcy (in Polish). 1 (22). Wrocław: 119.
  • Matelski, Dariusz (1999). Niemcy w Polsce w XX wieku [Germany in Poland in the 20TH century] (in Polish) (Wyd. 1 ed.). Warsaw: Wydawn. Nauk. PWN. ISBN 978-83-01-12931-6.
  • Wippermann, Wolfgang (2014). "'Widerstand für Polen und Juden – Rudolf von Scheliha". In Sigler, Sebastian (ed.). Corpsstudenten im Widerstand gegen Hitler [Resistance for Poles and Jews – Rudolf von Scheliha]. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 191–215. ISBN 9783428143191.
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