Wikipedia

Salamanca Formation

The Salamanca Formation is a geologic formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin of central Patagonia that yields well-preserved, well-dated fossils from the early Paleocene. Studies of these fossils are providing new data on plant and animal diversity following the end-Cretaceous extinction event.[1][2]

Salamanca Formation
Stratigraphic range: latest Maastrichtian-Danian
(Tiupampan-Riochican)
~66.0–57 Ma
Unit ofRío Chico Group
UnderliesPeñas Coloradas Formation
(Río Chico Group)
OverliesLago Colhué Huapí Formation
(Chubut Group)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, mudstone
OtherLimestone
Location
Country Argentina
ExtentGolfo San Jorge Basin
Type section
RegionChubut and Santa Cruz Provinces
CountryArgentina

Location of the Salamanca Formation within Argentina

The Salamanca Formation crops out in the San Jorge Basin in southern Chubut and northern Santa Cruz provinces, Argentina, overlying the Cretaceous Chubut Group and is part of the Paleocene and Eocene Río Chico Group.[3][4][5][6] The formation yields abundant plant remains[7][8][9][10][11][12] as well as fossils of invertebrates, marine macrofaunas,[13] reptiles,[14][15][16][17][18] and mammals.[2][19][20][21][22][23][24][4][3] The formation consists primarily of estuarine to shallow marine deposits.[25][26]

Palynological analysis of the Salamanca Formation shows low floral diversity after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, followed by a rapid recovery. 50% of all pollen types are angiosperms, whereas gymnosperms accounted for only ~13% of total richness; however, Classopollis pollen, representing the extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae, is the most abundant palynomorph.[3] Wood assemblages from the Salamanca Formation are dominated by conifers, but the presence of fossil angiosperm woods indicate that they were also part of the canopy.[8][9] The co-occurrence of palms, dicot woods with indistinct growth rings, and alligatorids,[15][16][17][18] indicates temperature remained above freezing year-round. The results of leaf physiognomic analyses indicate that the climate in the San Jorge Basin during the early Paleocene was warm subtropical.[27][28][29][30]

Paleoflora

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Agathis[31] A. immortalis Leaves, twigs, pollen cones, ovuliferous complexes, pollen, seeds A conifer belonging to Araucariaceae. Oldest known species of Agathis[31]
Akania[10] A. sp. Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant of the family Akaniaceae
Azolla[32] A. keuja Palacio de los Loros A fern belonging to the family Salviniaceae
Banaraphyllum[10] B. ovatum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant
Cissites[10] C. patagonicum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to Vitaceae, related to the modern genus Cissus
Classopollis[3] C. sp. Palacio de los Loros Pollen belonging to the extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae
Cunoniantha[33] C. bicarpellata A flowering plant belonging to the family Cunoniaceae
Dryophyllum[10] D. australis Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant
Fagophyllum[10] F. duseni Palacio de los Loros Leaves, related to Fagaceae
Kirketapel[34] K. salamanquensis A scale-leaved conifer belonging to the family Podocarpaceae.
Lacinipetalum[35] L. spectabilum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Cunoniaceae
Laurophyllum[10] L. chubutensis

L. piatnitzkyi

Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Lauraceae
Lygodium[10] Sp. A fern belonging to the Schizaeales, another indeterminate distinct fern is also present
Myrica[10] M. premira Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Myricaceae
Nothofagus[10] sp. Leaves
Notiantha[1] N. grandensis Rancho Grande Flowers A flowering plant belonging to the family Rhamnaceae
Palaeophytocrene[36] P. ga Estancia Las Violetas A fruit A floweing plant belonging to the family Icacinaceae
Paracacioxylon[8] P frenguellii Palacio de los Loros Wood A flowering plant belonging to the family Mimosoideae
Paranymphaea[10] P aristolochiaformis Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae
Sterculia[10][37] S. acuminataloba Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Malvaceae
Stephania[38] S. psittaca Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae
Suessenia[1] S. grandensis Rancho Grande Leaves A flowering plant belonging to the family Rhamnaceae
Wilkinsoniphyllum[38] W. menispermoides Palacio de los Loros Leaves A flowering plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae
Tripylocarpa[39] T. aestuaria Seed A flowering plant belonging to the palm tribe Cocoseae
Volkheimerites[40] V. labyrinthus Flowering plant pollen of uncertain placement
Fabaceae[10]
Sapindaceae[10]
Urticaceae[10]
Rosaceae[10]
Podocarpaceae[10] Leaves and cones

Paleofauna

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Fish

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Xiphactinus[41] X. sp. A member of the Ichthyodectiformes.
 

Amphibians

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Calyptocephalella[42] C. sabrosa Punta Peligro A frog belonging to the family Calyptocephalellidae.
Gigantobatrachus[43] G. casamiquelai Punta Peligro A frog

Reptiles

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Testudines

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Hydromedusa[44] H. casamayorensis Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.
Najadochelys[45] N. patagonica Punta Peligro
Peligrochelys[46][47] P. walshae Punta Peligro A member of Meiolaniformes
Salamanchelys[48] S. palaeocenica Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.
Trionyx T. argentina Punta Peligro A member of the family Trionychidae
Yaminuechelys[45] Y. maior Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.

Crocodylomorphs

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Eocaiman[15][16] E. palaeocenicus Punta Peligro A caimanine alligatorid.
Necrosuchus[18] N. ionensis Estancia Las Violetas
 
Protocaiman[17] P. peligrensis Punta Peligro
 

Lepidosaurs

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Kawasphenodon[49] K. peligrensis Punta Peligro A sphenodontian

Mammals

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Monotremes

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Monotrematum[50][51] M. sudamericanum Punta Peligro Teeth from the upper and lower jaws[52] A monotreme

Allotheres

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Sudamerica[53] S. ameghinoi Punta Peligro A gondwanathere
 

Meridiolestidans

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Peligrotherium[2][54] P. tropicalis Punta Peligro A member of the clade Mesungulatoidea.
 

Meridiungulates

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Escribania[21][23] E. chubutensis

E. talonicuspsis

Punta Peligro A member of the family Didolodontidae.
 
Raulvaccia[21] R. peligrensis Punta Peligro A member of the family Didolodontidae.
Requisia[24] R. vidmari Punta Peligro A member of the family Notonychopidae.

Metatherians

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Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Derorhynchus[55] D. aff. minutus Punta Peligro A metatherian of uncertain affinities
Didelphopsis[55] Indeterminate
?Sparassodonta[55] Indeterminate Astragalus
Polydolopimorphia[55] Indeterminate Two taxa, one of which is a member of Bonapartheriidae
Metatheria[55] Indeterminate Right petrosal (MPEF-PV 2235)

Invertebrates

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After[56] unless otherwise noted

Name Species Material Notes Image
Acesta A bivalve belonging to Limidae
Arca A bivalve belonging to Arcidae
?Astarte A bivalve belonging to Astartidae
Aporrhaidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Austrophaera A bivalve
Barbatia A bivalve belonging to Arcidae
Bathytormus A bivalve belonging to Crassatellidae
Buccinidae Four distinct genera Gastropod
Cancellariidae Indeterminate A gastropod
Calyptraeidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Cardites A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Cavoscala A gastropod belonging to Epitoniidae
Claibornicardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Costacopluma[57] C. salamanca A crab belonging to the family Retroplumidae
Crenilabium A gastropod belonging to Acteonidae
Cubitostrea A bivalve belonging to Ostreidae
Cucullaea Bivalve
Darwinices A gastropod belonging to Naticidae
?Dosinia A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Fusinus A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Fyfea A gastropod
Globisininae Indeterminate Gastropods belonging to the family Naticidae
Glycymerita A bivalve belonging to Glycymerididae
Gryphaostrea A bivalve
Gyroscala A gastropod belonging to Epitoniidae
Harpidae Nov. Gen. A gastropod
Heteroterma A gastropod belonging to Tudiclidae
?Larma A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Ledina A bivalve belonging to Nuculanidae
Leionucula A bivalve belonging to Nuculidae
Lucinidae Indeterminate Bivalve
Marwickia A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Microfulgur A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Neilo A bivalve belonging to Malletiidae
Nucula A bivalve belonging to Nuculidae
Panopea A bivalve belonging to Hiatellidae
Patellogastropoda Indeterminate Gastropod
Perissodonta A gastropod belonging to Struthiolariidae
Phacoides A bivalve belonging to Lucinidae
Pinna A bivalve belonging to Pinnidae
Priscaphander A gastropod belonging to Scaphandridae
Priscophicus A gastropod belonging to Ficidae
Pseudomaura A gastropod
Pteromyrtea A bivalve belonging to Lucinidae
Pseudotylostoma A gastropod
Pycnodonte A bivalve belonging to Gryphaeidae
Ringiculidae Indeterminate A gastropod
Rocalaria A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Rotundicardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Sacella A bivalve belonging to Nuculanidae
Spineilo A bivalve belonging to Malletiidae
Struthioptera A gastropod belonging to Aporrhaidae
Sulcobuccinum A gastropod belonging to Pseudolividae
Taioma A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Talochlamys A bivalve belonging to Pectinidae
Tejonia A gastropod belonging to Naticidae
Titomaya[58] T. longobucca & T. chalcedonica A bivalve belonging to Venerida
Tornatellaea A gastropod belonging to Acteonidae
Turritellidae Nov. gen. A gastropod
Venericardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Volutidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Yoldia A bivalve belonging to Yoldiidae
?Zemacies A gastropod belonging to Borsoniidae

References

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