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Sarawak Malay (Standard Malay: Bahasa Melayu Sarawak or Bahasa Sarawak, Jawi: بهاس ملايو سراوق, Sarawak Malay: Kelakar Sarawak) is a Malayic language native to the State of Sarawak. It is a common language used by natives of Sarawak[1] and also as the important mother tongue for the Sarawakian Malay people.
| Sarawak Malay | |
|---|---|
| Kelakar Sarawak | |
| Native to | Sarawak |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 900,000–1,200,000[citation needed]) |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | (covered by zlm) |
zlm-sar | |
| Glottolog | sara1351 |
This Malay variant is related to Bruneian Malay. The Sarawakian Malay language also bears strong similarities with the West Kalimantan Malay language around Sanggau, Sintang and Sekadau in the northern part of the West Kalimantan province of Indonesia.
Dialects
editAccording to Asmah Haji Omar (1993), Sarawak Malay can be divided into three dialects which are:[2]
Features
editSarawak Malay has features that are not found in Standard Malay, of which some of them are closer to colloquial Indonesian:[2]
- Sarawak Malay has only one diphthong which is /oi̯/ unlike Standard Malay which has three which are /oi̯, ai̯, au̯/.
- The diphthongs /ai̯, au̯/ in Standard Malay correspond to monophthongs /e, o/ in Sarawak Malay so pandai /pan.dai̯/ and pulau /pu.lau̯/ in Standard Malay are [pan.de] and [pu.lo] in Sarawak Malay.
- Verbs conjugated in the "agent focus" sense (e.g. biar > membiar) conjugate differently in Sarawak Malay:
- In Sarawak Malay, the initial consonant in a syllable coda of the conjugated form of the word (e.g. the initial middle 'm' in memberi) in Standard Malay is the initial consonant in Sarawak Malay. For example, Standard Malay mencari [məɲ.t͡ʃa.ri] is nyari [ɲ̩a.ɣi] in Sarawak Malay because the 'n' in mencari is a [ɲ]. This is also found in how memberi [məm.bə.ri] is meri [mə.ɣi] in Sarawak Malay because of the middle 'm' in memberi.
- In the dialects of Kuching and Sibu, open-ended final /a/ is an [a] like in Baku Standard Malay but in the dialect of Saribas, it is instead an [o] so ada /ada/ is [a.da] in the Kuching and SIbu dialects and in Baku Standard Malay but is pronounced as [a.do] in the Saribas dialect.
- In Sarawak Malay, /r/ is a uvular or velar fricative ([ʁ] and [ɣ] respectively), unlike in Standard Malay where it varies between an alveolar trill [r], an alveolar tap [ɾ], and a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].
Vocabulary
editSarawak Malay has a rich vocabulary of which many words, while also found in Standard Malay, have completely different meanings.[3]
| Word | Meaning in
Sarawak Malay |
Meaning in
Standard Malay |
|---|---|---|
| agak | 'to meet' | 'to guess' |
| kelakar | 'to talk' | 'funny' |
| tangga | 'to look' | 'stairs' |
| tikam | 'to throw' | 'to stab' |
| tetak | 'to laugh' | 'to cut' |
| marak | 'to waste' | 'to refract' |
The numbers of Sarawak Malay differ a bit from their Standard Malay counterparts.[4]
| Sarawak Malay | Standard Malay | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| satu | satu | 'one' |
| duak | dua | 'two' |
| tiga | tiga | 'three' |
| empat | empat | 'four' |
| limak | lima | 'five' |
| nam | enam | 'six' |
| tujoh | tujuh | 'seven' |
| lapan | lapan | 'eight' |
| semilan | sembilan | 'nine' |
| sepuloh | sepuluh | 'ten' |
The pronouns too differ quite significantly,[5] with 1st and 2nd personal pronouns (both singular and plural) are both derived from 1st person plural pronouns (kami and kita in Standard Malay).
| Sarawak Malay | Standard Malay | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| kamek | saya / aku | 'I' / 'me' |
| kamek empun | saya / aku punya | 'my' / 'mine' |
| kamek orang | kita/kami | 'we' |
| kitak | kau / kamu / awak | 'you' (informal, singular) |
| kitak empun | kau / kamu / awak punya | 'your' / 'yours' |
| kitak orang | kamu / awak semua | 'you' (plural) |
| nya | dia | 'he' / 'she' / 'it' |
| nya empun | dia punya | 'his' / 'her' / 'hers' |
| sidak nya empun | mereka punya | 'theirs' |
| sidak nya kedirik | mereka sendiri | 'themselves' |
Below is a non-exhaustive list of lexical differences between Standard Malay and Sarawak Malay.[6][7]
| Standard Malay | Sarawak Malay | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| baring | gurin | 'to lie down' |
| bodoh | paloi | 'stupid' |
| berlari | berekot | 'to run' |
| garang | gaok | 'angry' |
| hijau | gadong / ijo | 'green' (colour) |
| kapal terbang | belon | 'aeroplane' |
| kecil | kecik / salus | 'small' |
| juga | juak | 'also' |
| sombong | lawa | 'arrogant' |
| kenapa | kenak | 'why' |
| kenyang | kedak | 'full' (eating) |
| mahu | maok | 'to want' |
| merah jambu | kalas | 'pink' |
| sekarang / kini | kinek | 'now' |
| singgah | berambeh | 'to go to' |
| tembikai | semangka | 'watermelon' |
| tak / tidak | si / sik | 'negative marker' |
| tipu | bulak | 'to lie' |
| ya / haah | aok | 'yes' |
| lihat / tengok | tangga | 'to see' |
| berkira | cokot | 'picky' |
Many of the words used in Sarawak Malay nowadays were borrowed from many languages such as English. Some English words that have been borrowed and have undergone significant pronunciation changes are as follows:
| English loanword | Original English
form |
|---|---|
| eksen | 'action' |
| bol | 'ball' |
| kaler | 'colour' |
| kapet | 'carpet' |
| pancet | 'punctured' |
| henpon | 'handphone' |
| moto | 'motor' |
| prempan | 'frying pan' |
| uren | 'orange' |
| raun | 'round' |
Word formation
editThe word formation rules of Sarawak Malay are very different from those of the standard Malay language. Without prior exposure, most West Malaysians have trouble following Sarawakian conversations. Sabahan is also different from Sarawak Malay, however they do share some lexicon, such as the word Bah, which is used to stress a sentence. E.g.: Don't do like that - "Iboh polah kedak ya bah." It is similar in use to "lah" in Singlish and in West Malaysia. E.g.: Don't do like that 'lah'. Some words in Sarawakian Malay have a similar pronunciation of ai as ei, as in some districts of Perak: serai > serei, kedai > kedei. Some Sarawakian Malay verbs have a final glottal stop after a vowel or in place of final /r/: kena > kenak, air > aik, beri > berik. like in the Aboriginal Malay languages of West Malaysia.
Many words in Sarawak Malay have diverged from their original pronunciations and some are totally different. Some examples include:
| English | Standard Malay | Sarawak Malay[8] |
|---|---|---|
| sweeping | menyapu | nyapu |
| coconut | kelapa / nyiur | nyior[9] |
| more | lagi | lagik / agik / gik |
| road | jalan raya | jeraya |
| clever | pandai | pandei |
| teach | mengajar | ngaja |
| yes | ya | aok |
| cat | kucing | pusak |
| dog | anjing / asu (less used) | asuk |
| chicken | ayam / manuk (archaic) | manok |
| knife | pisau | ladin (Malay/Melanau) dandin / pisok |
Colloquial and contemporary usage
editContemporary usage of Sarawak Malay includes contemporary Malay words or incorporated from other languages, spoken by the urban speech community, which may not be familiar to the older generation. E.g.: SMS language. E.g.:
| English | Sarawak Malay | SMS Text |
|---|---|---|
| you | kitak | ktk |
| me | kamek | kmk |
| no | sik | x |
| message | mesej | msg |
| nothing | sikda | xda |
| why | kenak | knk |
Media
editTVS, a regional television broadcaster serving Sarawak from the state government-owned Sarawak Media Group has programming tailored in the language.[10]
References
edit- ^ "Sarawak, a land of many tongues". theborneopost.com. Borneo Post. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ a b Nabilah Bolhassan (2019). "Dialek Melayu Sarawak dan Bahasa Melayui Baku:Satu Kajian Perbandingan". Malaysian Journal of Social Science (in Malay). 4: 12–14 – via KUIM.
- ^ Nabilah Bolhasan (2019). "Dialek Melayu Sarawak dan Bahasa Melayu Baku:Satu Kajian Perbandingan". Malaysian Journal of Social Science (in Malay). 4: 14–18 – via KUIM.
- ^ The Sound of the Sarawak Malay language / dialect (UDHR, Numbers, Greetings, Words & Sample Text), 20 August 2020, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-07-31
- ^ "Personal Pronouns in Melayu Sarawak". Borneo Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
- ^ Deli, Radina Mohamad (2012-12-26). "Word familiarity and lexical change: The case of Sarawak Malay". Issues in Language Studies. 1 (2) – via UNIMAS Publisher.
- ^ Khaw, Jasmina Yen Min; Tan, Tien-Ping; Ranaivo-Malancon, Bali (2021-04-05). "Kelantan and Sarawak Malay Dialects: Parallel Dialect Text Collection and Alignment Using Hybrid Distance-Statistical-Based Phrase Alignment Algorithm". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education. 12 (3) – via turcomat.org.
- ^ Daftar kata dialek Melayu Sarawak : dialek Melayu Sarawak-bahasa Malaysia, bahasa Malaysia-dialek Melayu (in Malay) (2 ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1998. ISBN 9836263241.
- ^ In Indonesian Language: Kelapa means "coconut", Niyur means "coconut tree".
- ^ Collin Jerome; Ting Su Hie; Ahmad Junaidi Ahmad Hadzmy; Humaira Raslie (Mar 13, 2023). Accessing News in the Digital Era: The Case of Sarawak, Malaysia. 5th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Education, Economics and Technology. Kuala Lumpur. pp. 23–4.
External links
edit- Kaipuleohone has an archived notes on Sarawak Malay