Wikipedia

Sea Venture

This article is about the English sailing ship. For the novel by Damon Knight, see CV (Knight novel).

Sea Venture was a seventeenth-century English sailing ship, part of the Third Supply mission flotilla to the Jamestown Colony in 1609. She was the 300 ton flagship of the London Company. During the voyage to Virginia, Sea Venture encountered a tropical storm and was wrecked, with her crew and passengers landing on the uninhabited Bermuda. Sea Venture's wreck is widely thought to have been the inspiration for William Shakespeare's 1611 play The Tempest.

Sea Venture
Artist's interpretation of Sea Venture on a Bermuda stamp, 1910
History
NameSea Venture, Sea Adventure,[1] Seaventure,[2] Sea-Vulture[3]
OwnerLionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex[4]
Launchedprobably 1603
FateWrecked
General characteristics
Class and typeRace-built galleon[citation needed]
Tonnage300 tons
Armament

The Virginia Company

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Presumed portrait of Sir George Somers (with possible Sea Venture in left background)

The proprietors of the London Company had established the settlement of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607, and delivered supplies and additional settlers in 1608, raising the English colony's population to 200, despite many deaths. The entire operation was characterized by a lack of resources and experience. The company's fleet was composed of vessels that were less than optimal for delivering large numbers of passengers across the Atlantic Ocean, and the colony itself was threatened by starvation, diseases, and warfare with native peoples.

The colony at Jamestown seemed doomed to meet the same fate as the Roanoke Colony and the Popham Colony, two earlier failed English attempts to settle in North America, unless there was a major relief effort, despite the delivery of supplies in 1608 on the First and Second Supply missions of Captain Christopher Newport. Yet the investors of the London Company expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments. With the Second Supply, they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form. They specifically demanded that the colonists send commodities sufficient to pay the cost of the voyage, a lump of gold, assurance that they had found the South Sea, and one member of the lost Roanoke Colony.

It fell to the third president of the council to deliver a reply. Ever bold, Captain John Smith delivered what must have been a wake-up call to the investors in London. In what has been termed "Smith's Rude Answer", he composed a letter, writing (in part):

When you send againe I entreat you rather send but thirty Carpenters, husbandmen, gardiners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons and diggers up of trees, roots, well provided; than a thousand of such as wee have: for except wee be able both to lodge them and feed them, the most will consume with want of necessaries before they can be made good for anything.[5]

Smith did begin his letter with something of an apology, saying "I humbly intreat your Pardons if I offend you with my rude Answer".[6]

There are strong indications that those in London comprehended and embraced Smith's message. Their Third Supply mission was by far the largest and best equipped. They even had the newly constructed purpose-built flagship Sea Venture placed in the most experienced hands of Christopher Newport.

Construction

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Sea Venture was most likely built in 1603 and used in trade with the Low Countries – though there are competing theories which do not stand scrutiny. The archaeological evidence suggests that she was not a newly-built vessel at the time of her loss. She was, however, built according to the latest methods for the early 17th century. As such her shape is a development from vessels such as Mary Rose. Her hull shape can be extrapolated from the limited archaeological remains to show a stable hull (even allowing for some inaccuracies in that process) – a finding that is confirmed by her surviving a hurricane (it was a leak that was the problem that arose during the storm).[7]: 117–135, 145 

Voyage, the storm, and loss in Bermuda

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See also: Jamestown supply missions § Third supply mission

On 12 June [O.S. 2 June] 1609, Sea Venture set sail from Plymouth, England as the flagship of a seven-ship fleet (towing two additional pinnaces) destined for Jamestown, Virginia as part of the Third Supply, carrying 500 to 600 people (it is unclear whether that number includes crew, or only settlers). Normally, ships destined for North America from Europe sailed south as far as the Canary Islands as at that latitude the mean direction of the wind is to the West, pushing them across the Atlantic (ships returning to Europe turned eastward at the Carolinas, as at that latitude the mean wind direction is to the East), then followed the chain of west Indian islands to Florida and from there followed the Atlantic coast of the continent. However, with the West Indies firmly in the grip of the Spanish Empire, the English fleet turned Northwards in the open Atlantic, intending to bypass the Spanish threat and head directly for Virginia. Days away from Jamestown, on 24 July, the fleet ran into a strong tropical storm, likely a hurricane, and the ships were separated. A pinnace, Catch, went down with all aboard lost.[8] Sea Venture however, fought the storm for three days. Among sheets of rain and tearing wind, passengers witnessed St. Elmo's fire atop the masts.[9]

 
During the storm, St. Elmo's Fire was visible on the Sea Venture masts

Comparably sized ships had survived such weather, but Sea Venture had a critical flaw in her newness: her timbers had not set. The oakum (a caulking) was forced from between the boards, and the ship began to leak rapidly. All hands were applied to bailing, but water continued to rise in the hold. The ship's starboard-side guns were reportedly jettisoned to raise her buoyancy, but this only delayed the inevitable. The Admiral of the Company himself, Sir George Somers, was at the helm through the storm. When he spied land on the morning of 3 August [O.S. 25 July] 1609, the water in the hold had risen to 9 feet (2.7 m), and crew and passengers had been driven past the point of exhaustion.

Whilst still being driven before the storm, the only choice was to try and pick a route through the offshore reefs. About 0.5–0.75 miles (0.80–1.21 km) from shore, the ship became wedged in a V-shaped gap in the reefs (in what later was named Sea Venture Shoals).[7]: 117–119 [10] The worst of the weather now passed.[7]: 119 [a] This allowed 140 men and 10 women (who mostly could not swim[11]), and one dog, to be taken ashore in boats.[b] The passengers and crew ferried to the beach at Gates' Bay, St. George's Island.

 
Wreck of the Sea Venture
 
Plaque at Gates Bay

The survivors included several company officials: Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Gates, the ship's captain Christopher Newport, Samuel Jordan, Silvester Jourdain, Stephen Hopkins (later of Mayflower), along with secretary William Strachey. Along with future English notables George Yeardley and John Rolfe, the Powhatan emissary Namontack and his companion, Machumps,[14] were all stranded on Bermuda for approximately nine months.

Deliverance and Patience

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See also: List of Jamestown colonists § Settlers from Third Supply (August 1609)

The settlers were unwilling to move on, having now heard about the true conditions in Jamestown from the sailors, and made multiple attempts to rebel and stay in Bermuda. They argued, as the Mayflower passengers later argued, that they had been freed from their contract by the hurricane and shipwreck, and could now choose their own government. Governor Gates suppressed escape attempts, and the new settlement became a prison labour camp, with settlers forced to build ships to carry them away against their wills.[15]

During the time on Bermuda, the survivors constructed two new ships, the pinnaces Deliverance and Patience, from local Bermuda cedar,[citation needed] which was a wood especially prized by regional ship builders because it was as strong as oak, yet lighter. This misnamed juniper species could be worked with immediately after felling, and it has high resistance to rot and wood worms. Materials salvaged from the beached wreck were also used, especially her rigging.[c] They were constructed between late fall 1609 and early spring 1610 under the guidance of Admiral Somers and James Davis, Captain of the "Gift of God" who possessed considerable ship building knowledge. These ships represented the second and third pinnaces built in the English colonies in the Americas, the first being the 1607–08 construction of Virginia at the Popham Colony in New England.[citation needed]

The original plan was to build only one vessel, Deliverance, but it soon became evident that she would not be large enough to carry the settlers and all of the food that was being sourced on the islands. The Deliverance was constructed under the direction of ship carpenter Richard Frobisher not far from Gates' Bay, at a beach is still known as Buildings Bay (or Building Cove).[16][17] The Patience is generally believed[better source needed] to have been built on the at Walsingham Bay (on the western shore of Castle Harbour) said to be named after the coxswain Robert Walsingham).[18][19][20] Bermudian teacher and Lieutenant-Commander Royal Naval Reserve (Sea Cadet Corps) Dr. Derek Tully, however, has suggested St. David's Island as the construction site.[21] In Stratchey's account:

In his absence Sir George Summers coasted the Ilands, and drew the former plot of them, and daily fished, and hunted for our whole company, vntill the seuen and twentieth of Nouember, when then well perceuing that we were not likely to heare from Virginia, and conceuing how the Pinnace which Richard Frubbusher was a building would not be of a burthen sufficient to transport all our men from thence into Virginia (especially considering the season of the yeare, wherein we were likely to put off) he consulted with our Gouernor, that if hee might haue two Carpenters (for we had foure, such as they were) and twenty men, ouer with him into the maine Iland, he would quickly frame vp another little Barke, to second ours, for the better sitting and conueiance of our people.[22]

 
Sea Venture wreck is prominent on the Bermuda coat of arms and flag

While the new ships were being built, Sea Venture's longboat was fitted with a mast and sent under the command of Henry Ravens to find Virginia, but the boat and her crew were never seen again.[23] Finally, under the command of Newport, the two ships with 142 survivors (of the 150-153 mariners and passengers Strachey reported surviving the wreck – Gates, Somers, Newport, and 150 others – those who died in Bermuda were: Mrs. Rolfe, the wife of John Rolfe; Edward Samuell, the sailor killed by Waters; Richard Lewis; William Hitchman; Jeffery Briars; and Henry Paine, who had been executed by firing squad. The Powhattan emissary Namontack had vanished while on a hunting expedition with Machumps and his fate was never discovered. Henry Ravens had been sent to Jamestown in command of the Sea Venture's longboat, fitted out for the ocean voyage, along with cape merchant Thomas Whittingham and 6 unidentified sailors; they returned several days later, having been unable to find a passage through Bermuda's reefline onto the open Atlantic, then set out for another attempt and were never heard of again. Two children were born in Bermuda: the daughter of the Rolfes, Bermuda Rolfe, who died and was buried in Bermuda; and Bermudas Eason, the son of Edward Eason and his wife. Minus Carter and Waters, this would give a figure of 137 passengers and crew that continued to Jamestown aboard the Deliverance and Patience, including one child born in Bermuda after the wreck of the Sea Venture)[24] set sail for Virginia on 10 May 1610,[25] and arrived at the Jamestown settlement on the 23rd, a journey of less than two weeks.[d] Two sailors, Christopher Carter and Edward Waters (whom some records name Robert Waters), remained behind on Smith's Island[26]--Waters faced possible trial for the killing of another sailor and had fled into the forest. Carter, like many others of the settlers and crew, did not wish to leave Bermuda and had joined Waters in the forest to avoid being compelled to leave.[27]

 
Sylvester Jordain's A Discovery of the Barmudas, 1610

On reaching Jamestown, only 60 survivors were found of the 500 or so who had preceded them. Many of these were themselves dying, and Jamestown was quickly judged to be nonviable. Everyone then boarded Virginia, Deliverance, and Patience, which set sail for England. The timely arrival of another relief fleet, bearing Governor Baron De La Warre, granted Jamestown a reprieve. All the settlers were relanded at the colony, but there was still a critical shortage of food. In the fall of 1610, Admiral Somers returned to Bermuda in Patience to obtain wild pigs and food that had been stockpiled there. Unfortunately, Somers died in Bermuda from a "surfeit of pork" and the pinnace, captained by his nephew Mathew Somers, returned directly to Lyme Regis in Dorset, England with the body in order to claim his inheritance. Christopher Carter and Edward Waters, who evidently had been forgiven their earlier desertion, remained behind in Bermuda, again, joined by Edward Chard, the first permanent settlers of Bermuda (Christopher Carter and Edward Waters were to be among the Counsell of Six appointed to advise the first Lieutenant-Governor of Bermuda, Richard Moore, in 1612, and amongst whom the Lieutenant-Governorship was rotated during the period in 1616 between the departure of Moore and the arrival of his successor).[28] Overall, the food and supplies brought by the Third Supply were not adequate. 80% of the colonists would die during the Starving Time of 1610. Afterwards, survivors at Jamestown had boarded Deliverance and Patience and were sailing downstream to the ocean when they met yet another resupply fleet. Lord Delaware was this expedition's leader and he turned the distraught settlers back. He had brought a doctor but food supplies remained inadequate.

Later history

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Map with approximate location of Sea Venture and other 1609 markers

Sea Venture sat atop the reefs off Gate's Bay long enough to be stripped of all useful parts and materials, not only by her crew and passengers, but by subsequent settlers; what was left of her eventually disappeared beneath the waves. Two of her guns were salvaged in 1612 and used in the initial fortification of Bermuda (one was placed on Governor's Island, opposite Paget's Fort, the other on Castle Island).[29][page needed]

After the wreck's submergence, her precise location was unknown until rediscovered by sport divers Downing and Heird in October 1958, still wedged into a coral reef. There was little left of the ship or its cargo. Despite the lack of artifacts to be found, she was positively identified in 1959, in time for the 350th anniversary of the wrecking. Subsequent research uncovered one gun and cannonball, along with shot for small arms. There were also some Spanish jars, stoneware from Germany and ceramics and cooking pots much like what had been found excavating Jamestown.[30]

 
Replica of the Deliverance on Ordnance Island (2013)

In the 1960s, a replica of Deliverance was displayed (in drydock) on Ordnance Island.[31] Deeming the replica beyond repair and unsafe after decades of storms, it was demolished in 2022 (fifty years later).

In 2015, the remains of the Sea Venture hull was buried with sandbags, to protect the remnants from shipworms.[32]

In writing

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Captain John Smith's 1624 map of the Somers Isles (Bermuda), showing St. George's Town and related fortifications, including the Castle Islands Fortifications.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ When Hurricane Dean struck Bermuda in 1989, as the storm eased, the sea in the vicinity of the Sea Venture wreck became calm very quickly, apparently replicating the conditions that enabled the survivors of the wreck to get ashore safely in the ship's boats.[7]: 119 
  2. ^ The total number of human passengers and crew is variously given as 150, though the account of survivor William Strachey appears to list 153: "In it were two Knights, Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Gouernor of the English Forces and Colonie there : and Sir George Summers Knight, Admirall of the Seas. Her Captaine was Christopher Newport, Passengers and Mariners, shee had beside (which came all safe to Land) one hundred and fiftie".[12][13]
  3. ^ Forests filled with 'cedar' were everywhere on Bermuda, and the colony became a major ship building center after the dissolution of the Somers Isles Company in 1684. Export of Bermuda cedar for ship building had been severely restricted by the local assembly in 1627, but shipbuilding had denuded much of Bermuda's landscape by the 1830s.[citation needed]
  4. ^ Christopher Newport had an extraordinary career as privateer and then ship captain for the Virginia Company of London. He captained the flagship Susan Constant that planted the first settlers in Virginia, landing on 26 April 1607. He then commanded John and Francis, and Phenix, two ships that comprised the First Supply, and delivered 120 additional colonists to Jamestown on 8 January 1608. As captain of the 150 ton Mary Margaret, Newport also led the Second Supply to Jamestown. The Second Supply landed in September 1608 and delivered 70 colonists that included the first women from England. Adventure never stopped with Christopher Newport. On a voyage to Indonesia for the British East India Company, he died in Java in 1617.

References

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  1. ^ Craven, Wesley Frank (April 1937). "An Introduction to the History of Bermuda". The William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. 17 (2): 176–215. doi:10.2307/1925276. JSTOR 1925276. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  2. ^ Boddie, John Bennett (1966). Colonial Surry. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 19. ISBN 9780806300269.
  3. ^ Irving, Washington (1861). The Works of Washington Irving: Wolfert's Roost. G.P. Putnam. p. 103.
  4. ^ Woolley, Benjamin. Savage Kingdom: Virginia and The Founding of English America (Text Only). United Kingdom, HarperCollins Publishers, 2012.
  5. ^ Smith 1624, p. 150.
  6. ^ Smith 1624, p. 147.
  7. ^ a b c d Adams, Jonathan (2013). A maritime archaeology of ships: innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781782970453.
  8. ^ Woodward, Hobson (2009). A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Viking. p. 33. ISBN 978-0670020966. The ketch under the command of Michael Philes that was being towed by the flagship would sail on its own as well. The conditions were too dangerous for the tiny vessel and the much larger Sea Venture to remain tied together within striking distance of each other, and in the rough seas there was no way to transfer the people from the ketch to the ship. After signaling their intention with flags, the crewmen of the flag-ship cast off the towropes, and Philes and his complement of about thirty people were left to the mercy of the waves. There was a last look at the faces of the sailors on the bobbing ketch as they disappeared into the sheets of rain—never to be heard from again.
  9. ^ Doherty, Kieran (2013). Sea Venture: Shipwreck, Survival, and the Salvation of the First English Colony in the New World. St. Martin's Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 9781466852457.
  10. ^ "Bermuda 100: The Sea Venture". bermuda100.ucsd.edu. 2017.
  11. ^ Doherty, Kieran (2007). Sea Venture: Shipwreck, Survival, and the Salvation of the First English Colony in the New World. Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 9780312354534.
  12. ^ Lefroy, CB, FRS, Royal Artillery, Major-General Sir John Henry (1981). Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515–1685, Volume I. Bermuda: The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press. p. 49.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Horn, James (2006). A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 158–160. ISBN 0-465-03094-7.
  14. ^ Woodward, Hobson (2009). A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Viking. p. 9. ISBN 978-0670020966. The Powhatan emissary had returned to Tsenacomoco the first time with stories of "the kind reception and treatment he received in England." An intrigued Wahunsenacawh had sent him back across the sea again, this time accompanied by a companion named Machumps. Now, after a second London visit again chaperoned by Newport, the Powhatan visitors were preparing to return home on the Sea Venture.
  15. ^ Kelly, Joseph (24 June 2019). "How the Survivor of a 1609 Shipwreck Brought Democracy to America: Stephen Hopkins, Colonist at Both Jamestown and Plymouth, Proposed a Government Based on Consent of the Governed". Retrieved 19 February 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ Hayward, Walter Brownell (1910). Bermuda Past and Present: A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Somers Islands. Dodd, Mead. p. 16.
  17. ^ Bhattacharya, Raj. "Alexandra Battery & Building Bay Beach". Bermuda Attractions. Raj Bhattacharya. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  18. ^ Verrill, Addison Emery (1902). The Bermuda Islands: An Account of Their Scenery, Climate, Productions, Physiography, Natural History and Geology, with Sketches of Their Discovery and Early History, and the Changes in Their Flora and Fauna Due to Man. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 439. ISBN 9780341970989.
  19. ^ Outerbridge, Miss A.M. (19 April 1924). "Bermuda at Wembley". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. p. 3. Robert Walsingham, sailing for Virginia, shipwrecked here with Sir George Somers in 1609, was so much enraptured with the beauty of shores and bay that in giving, them his own name it has remained and become part of our history. Walsingham went on to Virginia. We have no further record of his association with the islands.
  20. ^ "Stephen Hopkins 1581–1644". The Ladd Family. Merle G. Ladd. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  21. ^ "New book shows Patience is a virtue". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  22. ^ Lefroy, CB, FRS, Royal Artillery, Major-General Sir John Henry (1981). Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515–1685, Volume I. Bermuda: The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press. p. 39.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Evans 1957, p. 7.
  24. ^ Lefroy, CB, FRS, Royal Artillery, Major-General Sir John Henry (1981). Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515–1685, Volume I. Bermuda: The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ according to William Strachey's account published in 'Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes: contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others', by Samuel Purchas; https://archive.org/details/hakluytusposthum19purc/page/41/mode/1up
  26. ^ "The History of Smith's Island, Bermuda's First Colony". The Bermudian Magazine. 27 December 2023.
  27. ^ Smith 1624, p. 344.
  28. ^ Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of The Bermudas or Somers Islands, 1515–1685, Volume I (1511–1562), by Lieutenant-General Sir John Henry Lefroy, KCMG, CB, LL.D, FRS, Royal Artillery. The Bermuda Memorials Edition, 1981. The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust. Printed in Canada by the University of Toronto Press
  29. ^ Harris, Edward Cecil (1997). Bermuda Forts 1612–1957. Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. ISBN 0-921560-11-7.
  30. ^ Making landfall at Jamestown (2005) Accessed 22 January 2017
  31. ^ "'Beyond repair' Deliverance demolished". 25 July 2022.
  32. ^ "Sandbags, The Sea Venture and Teredo Worms". Sandbag News. 21 August 2015.
  33. ^ Vaughan & Vaughan 1991, p. 41.
  34. ^ Evans 1957, p. 5.
  35. ^ Vaughan & Vaughan 1991, pp. 38–40.
  36. ^ McKenna, Robert (2003). The Dictionary of Nautical Literacy. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 276. ISBN 0-07-141950-0.
Bibliography

Further reading

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