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Sithu Pauk Hla of Yamethin

Sithu of Yamethin (Burmese: ရမည်းသင်း စည်သူ, pronounced [jəmɛ́ðɪ́ɰ̃ sìðù]; c. before 1368 – c. 1413), also known by his birth name Pauk Hla ([paʊʔ l̥a̰]), was governor of Yamethin from 1400 to c. 1413. He was the eldest child of Chief Minister Min Yaza, and also served as a senior commander in the Royal Ava armed forces. He fought in all the major campaigns of the Forty Years' War between 1408 and 1412.

Sithu of Yamethin
ရမည်းသင်း စည်သူ
Governor of Yamethin
In office
c. November 1400 – c. mid 1413
MonarchMinkhaung I
Preceded byMaha Pyauk
Succeeded bySithu Thihapate
Personal details
Born
Pauk Hla

c. before 1368
Wun Zin, Ava Kingdom
Diedc. 1413
Parents
Military service
AllegianceKingdom of Ava
Branch/serviceRoyal Ava Armed Forces
Years of service1400–c. 1413
RankGeneral
Battles/wars

Early life

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Probably born before 1368,[note 1] Pauk Hla was the eldest child of an athi[note 2] commoner family of Nga Nyo and Me Chit from Wun Zin, a rural village in the Kingdom of Ava.[1][3] He had at least two siblings: one full younger sister Saw Myat Lay, and a half younger brother, Saw Yin; he may have also had another younger brother.[note 3]

He grew up in the royal capital of Ava (Inwa) from 1368 onwards. His father had entered the service of King Swa Saw Ke, and the entire family had moved to Ava since 1368. His father went on to become the chief minister of the court with the title of Min Yaza.[1][3]

Career

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Pauk Hla's career rose alongside his father's. His career defining appointment came in 1400 when the new king of Ava, Minkhaung I, appointed him governor of Yamethin, a major irrigated district traditionally held by the most senior royals,[note 4] and gave him the command of a 50-strong royal war elephant company.[5][6][11][12] The appointments came alongside Minkhaung's other appointments which included Yaza's son-in-law Thado Theinkhathu being made governor of Badon and Tabayin.[5][6] The appointments were designed to retain Min Yaza's support by the new king, who had come to power only after a contentious succession crisis.[5][6][13] Indeed, the Yamethin governorship previously belonged to Maha Pyauk of Yamethin, who had tried to seize the Ava throne from Minkhaung.[14][15]

Pauk Hla, now known by the title of Sithu, loyally served as governor for the next dozen plus years. As governor of a major fief, Sithu served in the Royal Ava Armed Forces, and fought in various campaigns—from Hanthawaddy in the south (1408–1410),[16] to Arakan in the west (1411–1412)[17] to Hsenwi in the northeast (1412).[18] He led entire armies in the 1408,[19] and 1409–1410 campaigns,[20] and later served as one of the deputy commanders in Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa's armies from 1410 onwards.[21][18]

He is not mentioned in the royal chronicles again after 1412. The Yazawin Thit chronicle cursorily mentions that King Minkhaung appointed Sithu Thihapate governor of Yamethin in late 1413 but does not say what had ever happened to the previous governor.[note 5] While it is not clear if Sithu Pauk Hla had fallen in action or had died by natural causes, he did not lose the governorship because his father had lost power. Min Yaza remained the chief minister of the Ava court until his death in 1421.[3]

Military service

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The following is a list of military campaigns in which Sithu of Yamethin is explicitly mentioned in the royal chronicles as a commander.

Campaign Duration Troops commanded[note 6] Notes
Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy May 1408 1 regiment (1000 troops) Commanded a regiment in the 20,000+ strong vanguard invasion army[23][24][25]
Ava withdrawal from Hanthawaddy August 1408 Rearguard Army (8000 troops) Commanded the rearguard army (8 regiments, 8000 troops, 800 cavalry, 20 elephants)[26][27][19]
Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy 1409–1410 Vanguard Army (10,000 troops) Commanded the vanguard army that invaded Hanthawaddy[28][29][20]
Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy late 1410 Navy (7000 troops) One of the commanders of the naval invasion force (7000 troops, 7 war ships, 70 war boats, 20 armored war boats, 20 transport boats, 30 supply boats)[30][31][32]
Siege of Sandoway late 1411–March 1412 1 regiment Commanded a regiment in the 8000-strong army led by Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa that invaded Sandoway[33][17][21]
Battle of Wetwin c. April 1412 1 regiment Commanded a regiment in Minye Kyawswa's army from Sandoway that went to meet invading Hsenwi forces at Wetwin.[34][18]
Siege of Hsenwi May–November 1412 1 regiment Part of Minye Kyawswa's army that laid siege to Hsenwi[34][18]

Notes

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  1. ^ Per Khin Maung Nyunt, Pauk Hla's father Nga Nyo (b. 1347/48) married Me Chit when Nyo was in his late teens, meaning (c. 1365 or 1366). Nyunt continues that Nyo, Chit and their "household" moved to Ava in 1368, meaning at least the eldest child may have been born by then.[1]
  2. ^ The athi (အသည်) did not live on royal land and paid substantial taxes but owed no regular military service.[2]
  3. ^ The main chronicles mention only Saw Myat Lay as Pauk Hla's full sibling;[4][5][6] and Gov. Saw Yin of Badon as his half-sibling.[7] The Mani Yadanabon says Min Yaza had another son, governor of Yenantha without specifying the mother.[8]
  4. ^ Yamethin was one of the "Five Irrigated Districts" of Ava: (1) Yamethin, (2) Petpaing, (3) Pyakaung, (4) Taung Nyo and (5) Tamyinhsan—all part of the modern Yamethin District.[9] Previous governors of Yamethin include Swa Saw Ke[10] later king of Ava; Thilawa of Yamethin and Maha Pyauk of Yamethin.[11]
  5. ^ The Yazawin Thit says King Minkhaung appointed Thihapate governor of Yamethin after the rainy season of 775 ME had ended (c. October/November 1413), citing a stone inscription about King Tabinshwehti's genealogy that lists Thihapate as governor of Yamethin.[22]
  6. ^ Chronicle reported troop levels reduced by an order of magnitude per (Harvey 1925: 333–336)

References

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  1. ^ a b c Khin Maung Nyunt 2016: 8
  2. ^ Lieberman 2003: 113
  3. ^ a b c Aung-Thwin 2017: 80
  4. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 308
  5. ^ a b c d Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 212
  6. ^ a b c d Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 443
  7. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 470
  8. ^ Mani Yadanabon 2009: 191
  9. ^ Thein Hlaing 2011: 151
  10. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 403
  11. ^ a b Wilkie 1934: 28
  12. ^ Aung-Thwin 2017: 72
  13. ^ Aung-Thwin 2017: 69, 72
  14. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 439
  15. ^ Aung-Thwin 2017: 71
  16. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 229, 233, 236–238
  17. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 238
  18. ^ a b c d Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 8
  19. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 484
  20. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 2
  21. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 6–7
  22. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 246–247
  23. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 334
  24. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 229
  25. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 476–477
  26. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 339
  27. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 233
  28. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 26–27
  29. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 236
  30. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 28–29
  31. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 237–238
  32. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 5–6
  33. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 30
  34. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 31

Bibliography

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  • Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.
  • Myanma Swezon Kyan (in Burmese). Vol. 8 (2 ed.). Yangon: Sarpay Beikman. 1979. pp. 362–363.
  • Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Khin Maung Nyunt (6 July 2016). "Minkyi Swa Saw Ke, Wunzin Pho Yaza and Meikhtila Lake" (PDF). The Global New Light of Myanmar. Yangon. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  • Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
  • Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
  • Sandalinka, Shin (2009) [1781]. Mani Yadanabon (in Burmese) (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Seit-Ku Cho Cho.
  • Thein Hlaing, U (2011) [2000]. Research Dictionary of Burmese History (in Burmese) (3rd ed.). Yangon: Khit-Pya Taik.
  • Wilkie, R.S., ed. (1934). Burma Gazetteer: Yamethin District. Vol. A. Rangoon: Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma.
Sithu Pauk Hla of Yamethin
Born: c. 1360s Died: c. 1413?
Preceded by Governor of Yamethin
1400 – c. 1413 		Succeeded by
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