Tabelbala (Arabic: تبلبالة, Berber languages: ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴱⴰⵍⵜ, romanized: Tabelbalt, Korandje: tsawərbəts) is a town and commune between Béchar and Tindouf in south-western Algeria, and is the capital, and only significant settlement, of the Daïra of the same name, encompassing most of the western half of Béni Abbès Province (part of Bechar Province until 2019). As of the 2008 census, its population was 5,121,[2] up from 4,663 in 1998,[3] with an annual growth rate of 1.0%.[2] The commune covers an area of 60,560 square kilometres (23,380 sq mi), making it by far the largest commune in the province, as well as the least densely populated.[1]
Tabelbala
تبلبالة | |
|---|---|
 Location of Tabelbala commune within Béchar Province (pre-2019) | |
  Tabelbala Location of Tabelbala within Algeria | |
| Coordinates: 29°24′N 3°15′W / 29.400°N 3.250°W | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Béni Abbès |
| District | Tabelbala District |
| Area | |
• Total | 60,650 km2 (23,420 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 518 m (1,699 ft) |
| Population (2008)[2] | |
• Total | 5,121 |
| • Density | 0.084/km2 (0.22/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (West Africa Time) |
Tabelbala is notable for being the only town in Algeria to speak a language neither Arabic nor Berber, namely Korandje,[4] which is spoken by about 3,000 people.[5] Most of the rest of the population are descendants of twentieth-century immigrants to the oasis.[6]
History
editFrom at least the 13th to the 19th century, Tabelbala was a stop on the caravan routes linking southern Morocco (notably Sijilmasa) to the Sahel, in particular Timbuktu.
Geography
editThe oasis occupies a band of land between a stone mountain to the south and a large sand dune field, the Erg Er Raoui, to the north. The water table of the latter is relatively high, making irrigation agriculture possible. The foggara system was traditionally used, but has been in decline since the early twentieth century.
Climate
editTabelbala has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with extremely hot summers and mild winters, and very little precipitation throughout the year.
| Climate data for Tabelbala | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
36.5 (97.7) |
41.8 (107.2) |
46.0 (114.8) |
44.3 (111.7) |
38.5 (101.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
32.1 (89.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.9 (53.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
37.0 (98.6) |
35.7 (96.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
24.0 (75.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.1 (80.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
16.5 (61.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.6 (42.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0 (0) |
2 (0.1) |
5 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
2 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.1) |
8 (0.3) |
2 (0.1) |
22 (0.9) |
| Source: climate-data.org[7] | |||||||||||||
Localities
editTabelbala town is divided into four settlements. The administrative and commercial centre, "le Village" or "le Quartier", officially Haï El Wasat (Arabic: حي الوسط), also simply known as "Tabelbala" itself, is a relatively recent settlement which first grew up around the French fort in the colonial period. It is flanked by three older villages, or ksars: Cheraïa (Arabic: الشرايع, Ifrenyu in Korandje) to the west, Zaouia Sidi Zekri (Arabic: زاوية سيدي زكري, Kwara) and the tiny hamlet of Makhlouf (Arabic: مخلوف, Yami) to the east.
The commune is formally composed of seven localities:[8]
- Tabelbala
- Cheraïa
- Zaouia Sidi Zekri
- Makhlouf
- Zeraïb
- Boutbiga
- Hassi Kharet
Economy
editAgriculture is the main industry in Tabelbala. The commune has a total of 2,155 hectares (5,330 acres) of arable land, of which 1,304 hectares (3,220 acres) is irrigated.[9] There are a total of 139,183 date palms planted in the commune.[10] As of 2009 there were 3,549 sheep, 9,949 goats, and 4,810 camels. There were also 138000 chickens.[11]
Infrastructure and housing
edit97% of Tabelbala's population are connected to drinking water,[12] 100% are connected to the sewerage system,[13] and 99% (including 2,527 buildings) have access to electricity.[14] The city has a 3,048 kW power plant.[14] There is one fuel service station in the town.[15]
Tabelbala has a total of 1,083 houses, of which 625 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 8.2 inhabitants per occupied building, the third highest in the province after Ouled Khoudir and Timoudi.[16]
Culture
editMuch of the Korandje-speaking population of Ifrenyu claims descent from the Ait Isfoul sub-branch of the Ait Atta Berber confederation;[17] there are also a few Tamazight-speaking families from the Ait Khebbach, another Ait Atta sub-group.[18]
According to oral tradition in both places, the founders of Melouka, near Adrar, Algeria, were emigrants who escaped Tabelbala when one of its ksars was destroyed by Arab nomads, variously named as the Rehamna or Ghenanma, for non-payment of tribute.[19] The Idaw Ali of Mauritania also claim to have lived in Tabelbala at an early period.[20]
Religion
editA number of reputed walis (saints) are buried in Tabelbala. In the main cemetery of Zaouia Sidi Zekri, imamaden, these include Sidi Zekri (the village's namesake), Sidi Larbi and Sidi Brahim (each said to be the ancestor of a family found there today), and a group of seven unnamed men, the seb`atu rijal (Arabic: سبعة رجال), as well as the sixteenth-century Islamic scholar Sidi Makhluf al-Balbali, who is also memorialised in a cenotaph in the hamlet named after him, Makhlouf.[21]
Tabelbala has 4 operational mosques, with another 2 under construction.[22]
Transportation
editTabelbala's only significant transport link to the outside world is a paved road connecting it to the main Bechar-Tindouf highway some seventy kilometres away. Tabelbala is 382 kilometres (237 mi) from the provincial capital, Béchar.[23]
There is a total length of 216 kilometres (134 mi) of roads in the commune.[24]
Education
editThere are 5 elementary schools, with 37 classrooms including 24 in use.[25] There are a total of 1,104 school students.[26]
5.1% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 18.0% has competed secondary education.[27] The overall literacy rate is 75.0%, and is 81.9% among males and 68.2% among females.[28]
Health
editTabelbala has one polyclinic and 3 room care facilities. The nearest hospital is in Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne.[29]
Notable people
edit- Makhluf al-Balbali, jurist
References
edit
- ^ a b "Population, Area and Density per Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ^ a b c "Population: Béchar Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- ^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ Une oasis du Sahara Nord-Occidental : Tabelbala by Francine Dominique Champault, Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1969
- ^ Grammatical Contact in the Sahara: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, Lameen Souag, PhD thesis, SOAS, 2010
- ^ Souag 2010, op. cit., p. 31
- ^ "Climate data for: Tabelbala". climate-data.org. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1490. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
- ^ "Distribution of Agricultural Land" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Plant Productions" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Animal Production" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Drinking Water" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Sewerage Networks" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Electrification" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Fuel Distribution" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Housing" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ Cancel 1908, "Etude sur le dialecte de Tabelbala", Revue Africaine 270-271, p. 304; Champault, op. cit., pp. 32, 142, 273
- ^ Souag 2019, "Astronomy among the Ayt Xebbac of Tabelbala", Etudes et Documents Berbères 42, pp. 215-219
- ^ Champault, op. cit., pp. 31, 273
- ^ Ould Khelifa 1998, La région du Tagant en Maurétanie : L'oasis de Tijigja entre 1660 et 1960, Paris: Karthala, p. 71
- ^ Champault, op. cit., p. 393
- ^ "Mosques and Koranic Rooms" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Presentation" (in French). Site Officiel de la Wilaya de Béchar. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ "Density Kilometres" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "School Infrastructure" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Number of Pupils" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- ^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence " (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- ^ "Health Facilities by Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.