Theodor Zwinger the Elder (2 August 1533 – 10 March 1588) was a Swiss physician and Renaissance humanist scholar. He made significant contributions to the emerging genres of reference and travel literature.[2] He was the first distinguished representative of a prominent Basel academic family.[3]
Theodor Zwinger | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Theodor Zwinger[1] | |
| Born | 2 August 1533 Basel, Switzerland |
| Died | 10 March 1588 (aged 54) Basel, Switzerland |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Alma mater | University of Basel University of Lyon University of Paris University of Padua |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Medicine |
| Doctoral advisor | Bassiano Landi |
| Other academic advisors | Thomas Platter Petrus Ramus Vettore Trincavelli Gabriele Falloppio |
| Notable students | Petrus Ryff |
Life and work
editZwinger was the son of Leonhard Zwinger, a furrier who had become a citizen of Basel in 1526. His mother was Christina Herbster, the sister of Johannes Oporinus (Herbster) the famed humanist printer. After Zwinger's father's death, Christina married the noted humanist Conrad Lycosthenes (Wolffhart).
Zwinger studied at the Universities of Basel, Lyon, and Paris before taking a doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua with Bassiano Landi, the successor of Johannes Baptista Montanus.[4] In Paris he studied with the iconoclastic philosopher Petrus Ramus. He joined the faculty of the University of Basel as a member of the consilium facultatis medicae from 1559. At Basel he held successively chairs in Greek (1565), Ethics (1571), and finally theoretical medicine (1580).[5] While originally hostile to Paracelsus, in his later career he took an interest in Paracelsian medical theory for which he experienced some hostility. He associated with Paracelsians such as Thomas Moffet, Petrus Severinus[6] and Claude Aubery.[7]
Zwinger was the editor of the early encyclopedia Theatrum Humanae Vitae (editions 1565, 1571, 1586, 1604). The work is considered "perhaps the most comprehensive collection of knowledge to be compiled by a single individual in the early modern period."[8] He was able to draw on the knowledge base of his stepfather Conrad Lycosthenes in compiling the Theatrum Humanae Vitae.
A Catholicized version of the Theatrum entitled the Magnum theatrum vitae humanae (1631) by Lawrence Beyerlinck was one of the largest printed commonplace books of the early modern era. These two works "may fairly be described as the early modern ancestors of the great dictionnaire raisonné of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, the Encyclopédie of Diderot."[9]
Personal life
editHe seemed to have a difficult to read handwriting and Casiodoro de Reyna once would have liked to travel from Frankfurt to Basel in order for Zwinger to read de Reyna his own letters.[10] The house he resided in, is named Zwingerhouse in his memory.[11] Zwinger's son, Jakob Zwinger, briefly served as his successor as editor of the Theatrum. His descendant Theodor Zwinger the Younger (1597–1654) was a prominent preacher and theology professor.
Works
edit
- Lycosthenes, Conrad; Zwinger, Theodor. Theatrum vitæ humanæ, Basel, 1565, 1571, 1586, 1596 et 1604, 5 vol. totalling 4376 pages (on line: the 1586 edition) — an early encyclopedia
- Morum philosophia poetica ex Veterum utriusque linguæ poetarum thesauris cognoscendæ veritatis et exercendæ virtutis, Basel, 1575 : vol. 1 (books 1 to 4); vol. 2 (books 5 to 18) — [Poetical philosophy]
- Methodus apodemica in eorum gratiam, qui cum fructu in quocunq[ue] tandem vitæ genere peregrinari cupiunt, Basel, 1577 — an early example of travel literature
References
edit- ^ Source. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00033227-3
- ^ Howard, C.M. (1914). English Travellers of the Renaissance. Burt Franklin Publisher. p. 26. ISBN 9780833717450. Retrieved 2014-12-07.
- ^ « Auszug Stamm Zwimmer frühe Generationen » — family tree.
- ^ Theodor Zwinger at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- ^ Miescher, Friedrich (1860), Die medizinische Facultät in Basel und ihr Aufschwung unter F. Plater und C. Bauhin: mit dem Lebensbilde von Felix Plater: zur vierten Säcularfeier der Universität Basel, 6. September 1860. Basel: Schweighauser. pp. 18–19.
- ^ Shackelford, Jole, A Philosophical Path for Paracelsian Medicine: The Ideas, Intellectual Context, and Influence of Petrus Severinus (1540/2–1602) (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2004), pp. 287–288.
- ^ Heubi, William (1916). "L'Académie de Lausanne à la fin du XVIe siècle : étude sur quelques professeurs d'après des documents inédits" (in French). Lausanne: F. Rouge. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
- ^ Helmut Zedelmaier, "Navigieren im Text-Universum: Theodor Zwingers Theatrum Vitae Humanae," Metaphorik 14 (2008): 113: "Theodor Zwingers Theatrum vitae humanae ist die vielleicht umfangreichste Wissenssammlung, die ein einzelner Mensch je in der frühen Neuzeit erstellte."
- ^ Havens, Earle (2001). Commonplace Books: A History of Manuscripts and Printed Books from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century (first ed.). Yale University. p. 52.
- ^ Gilly, Carlos (2001). Die Manuskripte in der Bibliothek des Johannes Oporinus (in German). Basel: Schwabe Verlag. p. 10.
- ^ Möhle, Martin (2010). "Das Zwingerhaus am Nadelberg". E-Periodica. Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde. pp. 209–211.
Further reading
edit- Almási, Gábor (2009). The uses of Humanism : Johannes Sambucus (1531–1584), Andreas Dudith (1533–1589), and the Republic of Letters in East Central Europe, Brill, 387 p., passim — Excerpts
- Carlos Gilly: Zwischen Erfahrung und Spekulation: Theodor Zwinger und die religiöse und kulturelle Krise seiner Zeit. In: Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde 77 (1977), S. 57–137; 79 (1979), S. 125–233 (Digitalized: [1] [2])
- Herzog, J. W. (1778). Athenae rauricae: Sive catalogus professorum Academiae Basiliensis ab A. MCCCCLX ad A. MDCCLXXVIII. Cum brevi singulorum biographia. Adjecta est recensio omnium eiusdem Academiae rectorum (in Latin). Basel: Car. Aug. Serini. p. 208. OCLC 43215846.