Thiram is the simplest thiuram disulfide and the oxidized dimer of dimethyldithiocarbamate. It is used as a fungicide, ectoparasiticide to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops and similarly as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.[4]
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Dimethylcarbamothioic dithioperoxyanhydride | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.806 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C6H12N2S4 | |
| Molar mass | 240.42 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White to yellow crystalline powder |
| Odor | Characteristic[vague][1] |
| Density | 1.29 g/cm3[1] |
| Melting point | 155 to 156 °C (311 to 313 °F; 428 to 429 K) |
| Boiling point | decomposes[1] |
| 30 mg/L | |
| Vapor pressure | 0.000008 mmHg (20 °C)[1] |
| Pharmacology | |
| P03AA05 (WHO) | |
| Hazards | |
| Flash point | 138 °C (280 °F)[2] |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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1350 mg/kg (mouse, oral) 210 mg/kg (rabbit, oral) 560 mg/kg (rat, oral)[3] |
LC50 (median concentration)
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500 mg/m3 (rat, 4 hr)[3] |
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 5 mg/m3[1] |
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 5 mg/m3[1] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
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100 mg/m3[1] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Thiram is also used as a sulfur source and secondary accelerator the sulfur vulcanization of rubbers.
Usage
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Thiram was traditionally used in apple and wine farming. Since 2010 most thiram is applied to soybeans.
Chemical properties
editThiram is a type of sulfur fungicide. It has been found to dissolve completely in chloroform, acetone, and ether. It is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, and water suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides.[4]
Thiram is nearly immobile in clay soils or in soils of high organic matter. It is not expected to contaminate groundwater because of its in-soil half life of 15 days, in addition to its tendency to adhere to soil particles.[5]
As a waste, thiram carries an EPA U244 code.
Toxicity
editThiram is moderately toxic by ingestion, but it is highly toxic if inhaled. Acute exposure in humans may cause headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal complaints.[6]
Chronic or repeated exposure may cause sensitive skin, and it may have effects on the thyroid or liver.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0612". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1990 (Nov). SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database: Version 2.0 (Summary). USDA - Soil Conservation Service, Syracuse, NY.
- ^ a b "Thiram". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b "Thiram". Extension Toxicology Network.
- ^ Howard, P.H., ed. (1989). Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Vol. III: Pesticides. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
- ^ Hayes, W.J. and E.R. Laws, ed. (1990). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Vol. 3, Classes of Pesticides. NY: Academic Press, Inc.
- ^ NIOSH - Thiram International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC July 22, 2015
External links
edit- Thiram in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)