The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hama, Syria.
Prior to 7th century
edit- 11th century BCE – Town is "capital of Aramean kingdom of Hamath."[1]
- 854 BCE – Town taken by Assyrian Shalmaneser II.[2]
- 743 BCE – Assyrians in power again.[3]
- 740 BCE – Uprising.[3]
- 720 BCE – Uprising "crushed by Sargon."[2]
- 540 BCE – Persians in power (approximate date).
- 64 BCE – Town becomes part of the Roman province of Syria.
7th–19th centuries
edit- 639 CE – Town taken by Arab Muslim Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah.[2]
- 637 – Great Mosque built.[4]
- 10th century – Hamdanids in power.
- 968 – Town sacked by Byzantine forces of Nicephorus Phocas.[1]
- 11th century – Town sacked by Mirdasid forces.
- 1108 – Tancred, Prince of Galilee takes town.[2]
- 1114 – Seljuks in power.[1]
- 1157 – Earthquake.[5]
- 1172 – Nur al-Din Mosque built.
- 1175 – Saladin takes town from Zangids.[1]
- 1178 – Al-Muzaffar I Umar becomes Emir of Hama.[1]
- 1191 – Al-Mansur I Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1221 – Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1229 – Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1244 – Al-Mansur Muhammad II becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1260 – Town sacked by Mongols.
- 1284 – Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1299 – Mamluks in power.[1]
- 1310 – Ayyubid Abu al-Fida becomes Emir of Hama.[5]
- 1323 – al-Izzi Mosque built.[4]
- 1326 – Abu'l-Fida Mosque built.[4]
- 1331 – Al-Afdal Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1400 – Timurlane takes town.
- 1453 – al-Mamunye (water wheel) constructed.[citation needed]
- 1516 – Ottoman Turks in power.
- 1556 – Khan Rustum Pasha (caravansary) built.[citation needed]
- 1742 – Azm Palace built.
- 1858 – Population: 30,000.[6]
- 1864 – Town becomes capital of the Hamah sanjak (district) in the Vilayet of Sham.[1]
- 1875 – Cholera outbreak.[5]
- 1898 – Public library opens (approximate date).[7]
20th century
edit- 1901 – Population: 45,000 (approximate).[3]
- 1902 – Rayak-Hama railway begins operating.[8]
- 1906 – Aleppo-Hama railway constructed.[9]
- 1917 – Shaker al-Hanbali becomes mayor.[10]
- 1918 – Town becomes part of French Mandate of Syria.
- 1925 – 1925 Hama uprising, early October uprising by Hama's inhabitants led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji against the French mandate, subsequent crackdown by French forces. Part of the Great Syrian Revolt.[11]
- 1930 – Population: 60,000.[12]
- 1941 – Al-Taliya Sport Club formed.
- 1945 – Al-Nawair Sport Club formed.
- 1946 – City becomes part of independent Syrian Republic.
- 1960 – Population: 97,390.[13]
- 1963 – April: Anti-Baathist demonstrations.[14]
- 1964
- April: Conflict between Muslim Brotherhood and Baath leaders.[12]
- Population: 131,630 (estimate).[15]
- 1970 – Population: 137,421.[13]
- 1980 – February: Islamist uprising[16]
- 1981 – April: 1981 Hama massacre.
- 1982 – February: Muslim Brotherhood uprising against Hafez al-Asad government; crackdown.[16][17]
- 1985 – Population: 193,610 (estimate).[18]
- 1989 – Apamea Cham Palace Hotel built.[4]
21st century
edit- 2003 – Population: 427,369 (estimate).[13]
- 2008 – Population: 1,508,000 (estimate).[19]
- 2011
- 15 March–3 July: Mass demonstrations.[16][20]
- 3 July–4 August: Army crackdown on protesters.[21][22]
- September–December: Hama Governorate clashes[23]
- 2012
- 2012/13
- Autumn–spring: Rebels in control of Hamidiyah, Tariq Halab and Al-Arbain neighbourhoods[26]
- 2013
- 25 April–15 June: Rest of the city captured by SAA during 2013 Hama offensive.[27]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Whitaker 2008.
- ^ a b c d Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b c Chambers 1901.
- ^ a b c d ArchNet.org. "Hama". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Baedeker 1876.
- ^ Murray 1858.
- ^ David Dean Commins (11 August 1990), Islamic reform: politics and social change in late Ottoman Syria, New York: Oxford University Press (published 1990), ISBN 0195061039, 0195061039
- ^ "Railway developments in Syria". Railway Age. Chicago. 1904.
- ^ Lewis R. Freeman (1915). "Railway Lines of Syria and Palestine". Railway Age Gazette. New York.
- ^ Sami Moubayed (11 August 2023), Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000, Seattle, USA: Cune Press (published 2006), ISBN 9781885942401
- ^ Bou-Nacklie 1998.
- ^ a b David Dean Commins (2004), Historical Dictionary of Syria (2nd ed.), Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press
- ^ a b c "Syria: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Stefan Helders. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013.
- ^ Malik Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801431689.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
- ^ a b c "Syria Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- ^ Malise Ruthven (2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Cartographica.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Table 8 – Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
- ^ "'Half a million' protest on streets of Hama". Al Jazeera. 8 July 2011.
- ^ "UN council condemns use of force by Syria". Al Jazeera. 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Syria: President Bashar al-Assad sacks governor of Hama". BBC News. 2 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "Syria unrest: Hama legal chief 'resigns over killings'". BBC News. 1 September 2011.
- ^ "Blast in Syria's Hama kills many". Al Jazeera. 26 April 2012.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
- ^ "Syria rebels launch attack in central Hama after months of calm". Reuters. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ "Fierce fighting rages across Syria". Al Jazeera. 18 January 2013.
Bibliography
edit- Published in 19th century
- Abraham Rees (1819). "Hamah". The Cyclopædia. London.
- Josiah Conder (1830), "(Hamah)", The Modern Traveller, London: J.Duncan
- "Hamah", Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine, London: J. Murray, 1858, OCLC 2300777
- "Hama", Palestine and Syria, Leipsig: Karl Baedeker, 1876
- Published in 20th century
- "Hamah", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 869.
- Trudy Ring, ed. (1996), "Hama", Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
- N. E. Bou-Nacklie (1998). "Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt". Journal of Contemporary History. 33 (2): 273–289. doi:10.1177/002200949803300206. S2CID 159788188.
- Published in 21st century
- J.L. Whitaker (2008), "Hamah", in Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
- "Hama". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
External links
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