On on June 7–8, 1984, a significant severe weather and tornado event took place across the central United States from North Dakota to Kansas. The tornado outbreak produced several significant tornadoes including an F5 tornado[2][3] which traveled through Barneveld, Wisconsin, in the early hours of June 8. The entire outbreak killed at least 13 people across three states including 9 in Barneveld alone.[2]
 F5 tornado damage in Barneveld, Wisconsin | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Duration | ~12 hours |
| Tornado outbreak | |
| Tornadoes | 46 |
| Maximum rating | F5 tornado |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 13 |
| Injuries | 332 |
| Damage | $40 million in Wisconsin alone (1984 USD)[1] $117 million (2024 USD) |
| Areas affected | Midwestern United States |
Part of the tornado outbreaks of 1984 | |
Meteorological synopsis
editA low-pressure system entered the Midwestern United States on June 7, 1984, and intensified while bringing a surge of moist and humid air coming from the Gulf of Mexico. After most of the affected areas were hit by a mesoscale convective complex earlier during the morning of June 7, the unstable atmosphere, as well as wind shear and high convective available potential energy (CAPE), produced a favorable environment for the development of extensive severe weather with possible tornadoes.[4] Starting at around mid-afternoon, it started to produce several tornadoes across southern Minnesota and northwestern and southern Iowa including three F3s and a long-track F4 which traveled over 130 mi (210 km) from extreme northern Missouri to southwest of Iowa City. That tornado killed 3 people including one in Missouri's Harrison County. Another person was killed in Ringgold County in Iowa by an F2 tornado at around 9:00 pm CDT. Activity continued through the overnight hours as a new cluster of storms developed across Wisconsin near the Iowa–Illinois borders and produced strong tornadoes including the Barneveld tornado up until the early morning hours of June 8, 1984, before dissipating. Straight-line winds in excess of 100 mph (160 km/h) and very large hail were also reported in eastern Iowa from the storm that went on to drop the tornado in Barneveld, Wisconsin.
Confirmed tornadoes
edit| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 | 13 | 23 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 46 |
| F# | Location | County | State | Time (UTC) | Path length | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | SW of Kingsley | Woodbury, Plymouth | Iowa | 20:45–21:03 | 7 mi (11 km) | A tornado badly damaged a trio of barns, along with several outbuildings, but did little damage to farmhouses.[5] |
| F2 | W of Cherokee | Cherokee | Iowa | 21:14–21:33 | 10 mi (16 km) | This tornado likely formed in the same storm as the last, extensively damaging trees and outbuildings. Tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis did not rate it F2 or stronger.[2][5] |
| F2 | N of Galva | Ida | Iowa | 21:42–22:10 | 16 mi (26 km) | This tornado tore roofing off a few homes and damaged a grain elevator, causing an injury. Grazulis did not rate it F2 or stronger.[2][5] |
| F2 | NW of Grant to SE of Anita | Cass | Iowa | 21:43–? | 23 mi (37 km) | A strong tornado struck 29 farms, causing severe damage to homes, outbuildings, and farm equipment; it also wrecked a fertilizer plant. Eight people were injured.[2][5] |
| F1 | E of Primghar | O'Brien | Iowa | 22:04–22:15 | 6 mi (9.7 km) | This tornado leveled a century-old barn and downed many trees, while also lifting feed bins, corncribs, hog houses, and milk sheds.[5] |
| F2 | E of Ida Grove | Ida | Iowa | 22:10–22:33 | 12 mi (19 km) | A tornado tossed a pair of grain bins across a road, one of which smashed the roofs of a few cars, and damaged the roof and interior of a café. Grazulis did not rate it F2 or stronger.[2][5] |
| F2 | N of Storm Lake | Buena Vista | Iowa | 22:12–22:20 | 4 mi (6.4 km) | Outbuildings were destroyed on several farms and homes incurred sizeable damage. Three injuries occurred.[2][5] |
| F2 | Laurens to Rodman | Pocahontas, Palo Alto | Iowa | 22:17–22:57 | 25 mi (40 km) | A multiple-vortex tornado tore the roof off of a warehouse, overturned a mobile home, severely damaged farmhouses, killed livestock, and destroyed outbuildings. Debris, including glass, pierced carpet and furniture. A few people were injured.[2][5] |
| F3 | Clarinda to S of Corning | Page, Taylor, Adams | Iowa | 22:20–? | 25 mi (40 km) | 25 homes were damaged on the north side of Clarinda, one of which—a well-built house—was destroyed, along with a trailer. 24 outbuildings and sheds were destroyed as well. The tornado also killed livestock. Three people were injured.[2][5] |
| F1 | N of Everly | Clay | Iowa | 22:23–22:27 | 1 mi (1.6 km) | This tornado damaged the exteriors, windows, and roofs of several homes. It also affected outbuildings.[5] |
| F2 | Spencer area | Clay | Iowa | 22:30–22:32 | 2 mi (3.2 km) | A strong tornado downed power lines and trees, while tearing off the roofs of a few homes. It damaged five homes in all.[2][5] |
| F2 | E of Havelock | Pocahontas | Iowa | 23:00–23:15 | 8 mi (13 km) | This tornado hit three farms, severely impacting outbuildings—sheds, barns, shelters, and bins. Additionally, it tore roofing off a home, while damaging its floors and foundation. It killed 24 pigs as well.[2][5] |
| F2 | NW of Hardy to N of Denhart | Humboldt, Kossuth, Hancock | Iowa | 23:15–23:54 | 22 mi (35 km) | Along with downbursts, this tornado swept through 40 or more farms, severely damaging a number of them[citation needed]. It destroyed a few barns, while damaging outbuildings, equipment, vehicles, bins, and sheds.[2][5] |
| F3 | Burt area | Kossuth | Iowa | 23:15 | 9 mi (14 km) | This tornado hit Burt, inflicting major roof and structural damage on a Presbyterian church there. It also caused a school to sustain roof damage and collapsed a wall on its second floor. Besides, it did substantial damage to 25 homes and destroyed several trailers. Five injuries occurred.[2][5] |
| F2 | SW of German Valley to SW of Scarville | Kossuth, Winnebago | Iowa | 1729 | 21 miles (33.6 km) |
A school sustained roof damage and a nearby house lost its roof entirely. A poorly built house was leveled, and another had a 2x4 driven three feet into it. Papers from the unroofed house were found 100 miles away in Minnesota. |
| F2 | SW of Crystal Lake to SW of Kiester (MN) | Hancock, Winnebago | Iowa | 1745 | 18 miles (29.8 km) |
A school and grain elevator in Crystal Lake were damaged, and a large grain bin was destroyed. Barns, sheds, garages, trees, vehicles, a house, and several trailers were damaged as well. |
| F1 | E of Lucas | Lucas | Iowa | 1854 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
|
| F2 | ESE of Mount Ayr to NNW of Kellerton | Ringgold | Iowa | 1945 | 14 miles (23.4 km) |
1 death – Six homes were destroyed and 12 others were damaged. Fatality occurred in a trailer. Three people were injured. |
| F1 | SW of Corydon | Wayne | Iowa | 2033 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
|
| F2 | N of Kinross to N of Riverside | Keokuk, Washington, Johnson | Iowa | 2033 | 24 miles (38.4 km) |
Damage to trees, outbuildings, vehicles and homes. A church had its windows blown out and most of its roof torn off. 13 homes were damaged in the Windham area and one person was injured. |
| F0 | S of Carson | Grant | North Dakota | 1530 | 0.3 miles (0.5 km) |
|
| F2 | NW of Burlington | Ward | North Dakota | 1637 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
|
| F0 | NW of Hamberg | Wells | North Dakota | 1759 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
|
| F2 | S of Padonia | Brown | Kansas | 1533 | 18 miles (29.8 km) |
Five farmhouses, four trailers, and 43 farm buildings were destroyed. 33 other homes and 97 other farm buildings were damaged. Four trucks were overturned on highways near Hiawatha. One indirect fatality occurred as a result of a heart attack. |
| F4 | N of Brooklyn (MO) to SW of Windham (IA) | Harrison (MO), Decatur (IA), Wayne (IA), Lucas (IA), Monroe (IA), Mahaska (IA), Keokuk (IA), Iowa (IA) | Missouri | 1745 | 134 miles (214.4 km) |
3 deaths – Numerous barns, mobile homes, and farm houses were completely destroyed. Part of a drive-in movie screen from near Cambria was found near Derby. Tornado devastated the small community of Wright and produced high-end F4 damage to the northwest side of Delta. Nearby farms sustained similar devastation. A couple was killed when their car was thrown, and the other fatality occurred in a mobile home. |
| F2 | E of Winston | Daviess | Missouri | 2130 | 1 miles (1.6 km) |
|
| F2 | Jamesport area | Daviess | Missouri | 2200 | 3 miles (4.8 km) |
Homes, farm buildings, and trailers were damaged or destroyed. One person was injured. |
| F1 | SE of Pawnee City | Pawnee | Nebraska | 1800 | 0.3 miles (0.5 km) |
|
| F1 | E of Albert Lea | Freeborn | Minnesota | 1815 | 6 miles (9.6 km) |
|
| F3 | NE of Albert Lea to W of Ellendale | Freeborn | Minnesota | 1819 | 14 miles (23.4 km) |
The Albert Lea Ambulance Service building was destroyed on the south side of town. 13 homes and 4 businesses were destroyed. 52 homes, 8 commercial properties, and 16 farms were damaged as well. Some of the homes were ripped from their foundations. 12 people were injured. |
| F1 | E of Waldorf | Waseca | Minnesota | 1820 | 1 miles (1.6 km) |
|
| F1 | W of Oakland | Freeborn, Steele | Minnesota | 1825 | 10 miles (16 km) |
|
| F2 | S of Austin | Mower | Minnesota | 1836 | 5 miles (8 km) |
A bowling alley was badly damaged, where 6 people were injured. A house and a TV repair shop across the street were destroyed. A total of 7 people were injured. |
| F1 | NE of Douglas | Olmsted | Minnesota | 1915 | 1 miles (1.6 km) |
|
| F0 | NW of Wastedo | Goodhue | Minnesota | 1935 | 2.5 miles (4 km) |
|
| F2 | NE of Stanley | Chippewa, Clark | Wisconsin | 2100 | 12 miles (19.2 km) |
Two barns were flattened and two machine sheds were destroyed. |
| F1 | SE of Phillips | Price | Wisconsin | 2230 | 1 mile (1.6 km) |
|
| F2 | S of Belmont to E of Mineral Point | Lafayette, Iowa | Wisconsin | 2330 | 11 miles (17.6 km) |
Mostly tree damage occurred with this tornado, but a house and outbuildings were destroyed and a house was unroofed. Tornado dissipated just outside Mineral Point. |
| F5 | SSW of Ridgeway to Barneveld to Black Earth to NW of Dane | Iowa, Dane | Wisconsin | 2341 | 36 miles (57.6 km) |
9 deaths – See section about this tornado – 200 people were injured. |
| F2 | DeForest to S of South Randolph | Dane, Columbia | Wisconsin | 0010 | 18 miles (28.8 km) |
Two homes in DeForest had their roofs torn off. 22 grain bins were destroyed as well. |
| F2 | SE of Arlington to Rio | Columbia | Wisconsin | 0025 | 16 miles (26.6 km) |
A barn, a garage, and sheds were destroyed. |
| F3 | NE of Rio to Markesan | Columbia, Green Lake | Wisconsin | 0041 | 29 miles (46.4 km) |
A house, a trailer, and all outbuildings were destroyed on a farm near Cambria where one person was injured. 6 barns were leveled elsewhere. |
| F1 | W of Columbus | Columbia | Wisconsin | 0049 | 9 miles (14.4 km) |
|
| F2 | Beaver Dam area | Dodge | Wisconsin | 0117 | 11 miles (17.6 km) |
$640,000 in damage to 30 buildings in the area. Three barns, one business, and two garages were destroyed. Five homes sustained extensive damage and one person was injured. |
| F2 | N of Howard | Miner | South Dakota | 2100 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
|
| Sources:Tornado History Project (June 7, 1984) Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Tornado History Project (June 8, 1984) - for Wisconsin data only Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Grazulis (1984) | ||||||
Barneveld–Black Earth, Wisconsin
edit Track of the Barneveld tornado | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | June 8, 1984, 12:41 am. CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| Dissipated | June 8, 1984, 1:40 am. CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| Duration | 59 minutes |
| F5 tornado | |
| on the Fujita scale | |
| Highest winds | >261 mph |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 9 |
| Injuries | 200 |
| Damage | ≥$25 million (1984 USD) ≥$73.3 million (2024 USD) |
As the tornado activity calmed down across Iowa and Minnesota in which numerous strong to severe tornadoes struck those areas from mid-afternoon to mid-evening, the severe weather shifted east towards Wisconsin after dark where a tornado watch was issued at about 11:00 pm CDT. By this time, most of the residents of Barneveld had gone to bed and were unaware of the tornado watch. A supercell thunderstorm, which affected portions of southeastern Iowa with a few tornadoes at around 9:00 pm CDT before weakening and intensifying shortly after, entered Wisconsin from the Iowa/Illinois border at around 12:00 am CDT near Dubuque. Shortly after 12:30 am CDT, June 8, it produced its first tornado near Belmont in Lafayette County and lifted near Mineral Point in Iowa County about fifteen miles southwest of Barneveld.
A few minutes later, this storm system produced one of the few F5 tornadoes to hit Wisconsin, developing northeast of Mineral Point (five to six miles southwest of Barneveld). At 12:41 am CDT this F5 tornado drove through the center of Barneveld in full force, finally dissipating in northern Dane County around 1:40 am CDT after traveling 36 miles (58 kilometers) for 59 minutes.[6] A strong lightning strike cut the electricity to the town just a few minutes before the tornado struck Barneveld, but it was followed by a deafening clap of thunder that awakened many residents. (It is said that the loss of power prevented the tornado siren from being activated prior to its arrival; in actuality, the town did not have a tornado siren that differed from the siren used to activate the town's volunteer fire and EMT squad. If the siren had been activated, the residents would not have known it was a tornado warning.) At its peak, the tornado was nearly a quarter-mile wide. Other tornadoes rated from F1 to F3 touched down from Columbia County to Dodge County until after 3:00 am CDT when activity finally weakened.
The tornado was responsible for nine deaths and nearly 200 injuries in Barneveld while causing about $25 million in damage. In total, all three churches (the Congregational United Church of Christ, the Lutheran Church, and the Roman Catholic Church), 93 homes and 17 out of the 18 businesses in town (including the library, municipal building, fire station, bank, and post office) were all destroyed. The village's water tower, though damaged, was not toppled by the winds. In addition, 64 other homes were badly damaged. The F5 damage occurred at a cul-de-sac on the northeast side of town. A cluster of newly built homes were completely swept away at this location. Trees were debarked and vehicles were thrown and mangled.[7] Some of the debris including paperwork was later found about 135 miles away from the village. Eight homes were also destroyed in Black Earth, and 24 additional homes were destroyed between Barneveld and Black Earth. Other tornadoes in Wisconsin caused two additional injuries and about $15 million worth of damage but no additional fatalities.[8][9]
The National Weather Service in Madison reported the next day that the frequency of lightning flashes in the storm exceeded 200 per minute. The flashes produced a strobe-like effect, as mentioned in media reports and books about the disaster.[10]
Historical perspective
edit| State | Total | County | County total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iowa | 3 | Keokuk | 1 |
| Mahaska | 1 | ||
| Ringgold | 1 | ||
| Missouri | 1 | Harrison | 1 |
| Wisconsin | 9 | Iowa | 9 |
| Totals | 13 | ||
| All deaths were tornado-related | |||
The Barneveld tornado became the most recent EF5/F5 tornado to touch down at night. Group members prior to Barneveld included the Blackwell, Oklahoma and Udall, Kansas tornadoes during the 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak; the tornado that struck downtown Lubbock, TX in 1970; and the Tanner and Guin, Alabama tornadoes from the 1974 Super Outbreak. Later, the Birmingham tornado in April 1998 and the Greensburg tornado in May 2007 also joined that group of violent nighttime tornadoes. As it was in Barneveld, people in these other communities may not have been aware of incoming severe weather nor would they be able to see the tornado until it was already upon them, which increased their odds of injury or death.
The Barneveld tornado was the only F5-rated storm in the United States in 1984 and the first to strike Wisconsin since the Colfax tornado killed 21 people in 1958. While it had been 26 years since the last F5 tornado struck Wisconsin, it had only been two years since the last F5 tornado in the United States; thankfully, while the Broken Bow, Oklahoma tornado of April 1982 injured 29 people, it didn't take any lives.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "NCDC Storm Events-Select State". Archived from the original on 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. pp. 1257–1260. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
- ^ "On the original Fujita scale [F0-F5], the damage generated by an F5 tornado corresponded to estimated wind speeds of 262 to 317 mph. However, research has shown that these estimated wind speeds may be exaggerated. As of 2007, any tornado that creates damage corresponding to estimated wind speeds of 200 mph or greater [on the Enhanced Fujita Scale] is classified as an EF5 tornado." https://weather.com/tv/shows/tornado-week/news/ef5-f5-most-violent-tornadoes-20140430
- ^ Harrington, Alex (Spring 2006). Residual Outflow Boundary Impacts on CAPE versus Shear Contributions to Tornadic Supercells: the F-5 Barneveld, Wisconsin Tornado Revisited (PDF) (Thesis). University of Wisconsin – Madison, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n National Weather Service (June 1984). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena". Storm Data. 26 (6). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center: 26–7.
- ^ "June 8, 1984, Barneveld, WI F5 Tornado". National Weather Service. Dousman: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ^ "The List of the Strongest Tornadoes Ever Recorded: Part IV |". Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ^ "Barneveld F5 Tornado June 8, 1984". NOAA's National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Milwaukee/Sullivan, WI. Dousman, Wisconsin: National Weather Service. 2 November 2005. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ^ "Barneveld, 1984: 9 Dead, 200 Injured - News Story - WISC Madison". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
- ^ Mogil, H. Michael (2007). Extreme weather: understanding the science of hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, heat waves, snow storms, global warming and other atmospheric disturbances. New York City: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 9781579127435 – via Internet Archive.
External links
edit- Summary of the Barneveld tornado and supercell (NWS Milwaukee)
- Analysis of the Barneveld Tornado (by Alex Harrington)