The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (French: Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine; Bulgarian: Ньойски договор) was a treaty between the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand, and Bulgaria, one of the defeated Central Powers in World War I, on the other. The treaty required Bulgaria to cede various territories.
 Ratification of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, with signatures of Boris III of Bulgaria, Aleksandar Stamboliyski, and Mihail Madzharov | |
| Signed | 27 November 1919 |
|---|---|
| Location | Neuilly-sur-Seine, France |
| Condition | Ratification by Bulgaria and four Principal Allied Powers. |
| Parties | Principal Allied and Associated Powers Allied and Associated Powers
|
| Depositary | French Government |
| Languages | French (primary), English, Italian |
| Full text | |
 Treaty of Neuilly at Wikisource | |
The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919, in Neuilly-sur-Seine in the Hauts-de-Seine department, just west of Paris in France. The signing ceremony was held in Neuilly's town hall (hôtel de ville).[2][3][4]
The Treaty of Neuilly was one of the series of treaties after World War I, which included the Treaty of Versailles, the Treaty of Saint-Germain, the Treaty of Trianon, and the Treaty of Sèvres, which were intended to diminish the military and political strength of the defeated members of the Central Powers.
Like those treaties, the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine contained the Covenant of the League of Nations. As a result the United States did not ratify the treaty.
Territorial concessions
edit
The treaty required Bulgaria:
- to cede Western Thrace to the Entente (which awarded it to Greece at the San Remo conference) thereby cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the Aegean Sea.
- to sign a convention on population exchange with Greece.[5]
- to cede a further area of 2,563 km2 (990 sq mi) on its western border with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia).
- to return Dobruja, which according to the Treaty of Bucharest was partially ceded to Bulgaria and partially to the Central Powers (who later, on 25 September 1918, transferred this joint condominium to Bulgaria), to Romania, thus restoring the border set by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913).
- to return property removed from the foreign territory occupied by Bulgarian forces to its rightful owners, or to make compensation.
- to reduce its army to 20,000 men.
- to pay reparations of £100 million.
- to recognize the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Bulgarian response
editIn Bulgaria, the results of the treaty are popularly known as the Second National Catastrophe. Bulgaria subsequently regained Southern Dobruja as a result of the Treaty of Craiova. During World War II, together with Nazi Germany, it temporarily reoccupied most of the other territories ceded under the treaty.[6][7]
Territories ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
editFour minor regions (historiographically referred to by Bulgarians as the Western Outlands) had been part of Bulgaria from its inception as a principality in 1878, except for the region around Strumitsa, which became part of Bulgaria in 1912. Bulgaria was internationally recognised as an independent country in 1908 and controlled these territories until 1919 when they were ceded to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Treaty of Neuilly. The cession of the region was partly a compensation for the occupation of the southern and eastern part of Serbia by Bulgarian troops between 1915 and 1918, and was partly motivated by strategic reasons. The old political boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia followed a chain of high mountain ridges, whereas the new one gave significant military and strategic advantages to the Serbs: it dangerously exposed the Bulgarian capital of Sofia and significantly reduced the military threat to eastern Serbia in case of a Bulgarian invasion (see also Balkan Wars and World War I).
Area and population
editTerritories ceded by the treaty to the then Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes cover an area of 1,545 km2 (597 sq mi) in what is now Serbia and 1,028 km2 (397 sq mi) in what is now North Macedonia.
In Serbia, to which the term generally applies in Bulgaria, the territory ceded is split between the modern Serbian District of Pirot (municipality of Dimitrovgrad and smaller parts of the municipalities of Pirot and Babušnica) and District of Pčinja (municipality of Bosilegrad and a small part of the municipality of Surdulica). It also includes a small section along the Timok River in the municipality and District of Zaječar, composed by eight localities (seven populated by Romanians and one populated by Bulgarians).[8]
In 1919, the area corresponded to the following parts of the Bulgarian okrugs: Kyustendil, 661 km2 (255 sq mi), Tzaribrod 418 km2 (161 sq mi), Tran 278 km2 (107 sq mi), Kula 172 km2 (66 sq mi) and Vidin 17 km2 (6.6 sq mi). Bulgarian sources claim that the Bulgarian population made 98% of the population in Bosilegrad and 95% of the population in Tzaribrod at the time. In the Yugoslav census of 1931, all South Slavs were simply counted as Yugoslavs (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bulgarians) so a comparison could not be made. According to the last Census in Serbia from 2002, Bulgarians made 50% and 71% of population in Dimitrovgrad and Bosilegrad respectively.
See also
edit- Bulgarian irredentism
- Bulgarians in North Macedonia
- Bulgarians in Serbia
- List of treaties
- Minority Treaties
- Western Outlands
References
edit- ^ The United States signed the Treaty but did not ratifty it.
- ^ Neuilly-sur-Seine official site Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- ^ "Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Bulgaria and Protocol, signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine at November 27, 1919", Peace Treaties, Various Treaties and Agreements between the Allied and Associated Powers and Serb-Croat-Slovene State, Roumania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey, together with some other agreements signed by the Peace Conference at Paris and Saint-Germain-En-Laye, presented by Mr. Lodge, April 25, 1921, Washington, Government Printing Office: 67th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, Document No. 7, 1921, pp. 47–162, retrieved 2013-01-02
- ^ Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Bulgaria, and Protocol, Neuilly-sur-Seine, November 27, 1919, printed by the order of Parliament, Ottawa: J. de Labroquerie Taché, printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, 1920, retrieved 2013-01-03
- ^ Convention between Bulgaria and Greece respecting Reciprocal Emigration of Minorities, signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine, 27 November 1919.
- ^ Guy Beiner, "International: 'No, Nay, Never' (Once More): The Resurrection of Hungarian Irredentism." History Ireland 21.3 (2013): 40-43.
- ^ Stelios Nestor, "Greek Macedonia and the Convention of Neuilly (1919)." Balkan Studies 3.1 (1962): 169-184.
- ^ Tribalia (Blogger)
Further reading
edit- Borisova, Galina M. "Bulgaria, Greece and Britain's Policy 1919." Etudes Balkaniques (1983) 19#3 pp 77–91.
- Buirette, O. "The treaties of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919) and Sevres (1920), or the redefining of a new Balkan Europe." Bulgarian Historical Review-Revue Bulgare d'Histoire 3-4 (2001): 99–113.
- Chary, Frederick B. The history of Bulgaria (ABC-CLIO, 2011).
- Nestor, Stelios. "Greek Macedonia and the Convention of Neuilly (1919)," Balkan Studies (1962) 3#1 pp 169–184. Online Version.
External links
edit- Text of the Treaty
- Map of Europe at time of Treaty of Neuilly Archived 2015-03-16 at the Wayback Machine at omniatlas.com
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.