Ursus deningeri (Deninger's bear) is an extinct species of bear, endemic to Eurasia during the Pleistocene for approximately 1.7 million years, from 1.8 to 0.1 million years ago.[citation needed] The range of this bear has been found to encompass both Europe and Asia, demonstrating the ability of the species to adapt to many Pleistocene environments.[citation needed]
| Ursus deningeri Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Skull from Atapuerca | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Ursidae |
| Genus: | Ursus |
| Species: | †U. deningeri
|
| Binomial name | |
| †Ursus deningeri | |
U. deningeri is a descendant of Ursus savini and an ancestor of Ursus spelaeus.
Morphology
edit
Ursus deningeri has a combination of primitive and derived characters that distinguishes it from all other Pleistocene bears. Its mandible is slender like that of living brown bears and Ursus etruscus. It also has derived characters of cave bears (Ursus spelaeus) and is considered to be the descendant of Ursus savini and very close to the common ancestor of brown bears.[3]
Fossil distribution
editSites and specimen ages:
- Nalaikha, Mongolia: ~1.8 Mya to 800,000 years ago
- West Runton Freshwater Bed, Cromer Forest Bed Formation, Norfolk, England: ~800,000–100,000 years ago
- Cueva del Agua, Granada, Spain: ~800,000–100,000 years ago
- Venosa bed excavations 1974–1976, Basilicata, Italy: ~800,000–100,000 years ago
- Emirkaya-2, Central Anatolia, Turkey: ~800,000–100,000 years ago
- Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain: >300,000 years ago[4]
- Darband Cave, Alborz, Caspian, Iran: ~300,000–200,000 years ago
- Stránská skála (Ursus Cave), Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic: excavations 1943–1944 ~790,000–600,000 years ago[5][6]
- Zhoukoudian, North China: early Middle Pleistocene[7]
A distinct morphotype classifiable under U. deningeri sensu lato has been found in Kents Cavern, England, dating back to latest MIS 12 or earliest MIS 11.[8]
Genetics
editIn 2013, a German team reconstructed the mitochondrial genome of an Ursus deningeri more than 300,000 years old, proving that authentic ancient DNA can be preserved for hundreds of thousand years outside of permafrost.[9]
References
edit- ^ Ursus deningeri in Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (in French)
- ^ García, N., Santos, E., Arsuaga, J. L., & Carretero, J. M. (2007). Endocranial morphology of the Ursus deningeri von Reichenau 1904 from the Sima de los huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca) middle Pleistocene site. Journal of vertebrate paleontology, 27(4), 1007–1017.
- ^ García, N., & Arsuaga, J. L. (2001). Les carnivores (Mammalia) des sites du Pléistocène ancien et moyen d'Atapuerca (Espagne). L'anthropologie, 105(1), 83–93.
- ^ Dabney, J., Knapp, M., Glocke, I., Gansauge, M. T., Weihmann, A., Nickel, B., Valdiosera, C., García, N. Svante, P., Arsuaga J., & Meyer, M. (2013). .Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(39), 15758-15763.
- ^ Mlikovsky, J. (1964). Early Pleistocene birds of Stránská Skála Hill, Czech Republic: 1. Musil’s Talus Cone Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine. Stránská Skála Hill. Excavation of open-air sediments, 1972, 111–126.
- ^ Musil, Rudolf (ed.1995): Stránská skála Hill. Excavation of open-air sediments 1964–1972. Antropos, Brno 1995, ISBN 978-3-7749-2798-8
- ^ Jiangzuo, Q.; Wagner, J.; Chen, J.; Dong, C.; Wei, J.; Ning, J.; Liu, J. (2018). "Presence of the Middle Pleistocene cave bears in China confirmed – Evidence from Zhoukoudian area". Quaternary Science Reviews. 199: 1–17. Bibcode:2018QSRv..199....1J. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.012.
- ^ McFarlane, Donald A.; Sabol, Martin; Lundberg, Joyce (15 July 2010). "A unique population of cave bears (Carnivora: Ursidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Kents Cavern, England, based on dental morphometrics". Historical Biology. 23 (2–3): 131–137. doi:10.1080/08912963.2010.483730. ISSN 0891-2963. Retrieved 25 May 2024 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
- ^ Dabney & al. 2013. PNAS. "Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments" doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314445110 PNAS
- Biglari, F., V. Jahani (2011). "The Pleistocene Human Settlement in Gilan, Southwest Caspian Sea: Recent Research.". Eurasian Prehistory 8 (1–8 (1–2): 3–28.