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The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3]
Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[4] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[5]
Presidents
edit| No.[a] | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term[6] | Party[b][7] | Election | Vice President[8] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 
|
George Washington (1732–1799) [9] |
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 |
Unaffiliated | 1788–1789
|
Benjamin Franklin
Vacant after
| |
| 2 | 
|
Alexander Hamilton (1755–1834) [10] |
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1805 |
Federalist | 1796
|
Patrick Henry
Vacant after | |
| 3 | .jpg)
|
John Jay (1745–1829) [10] |
March 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809 |
Federalist | 1804 | John Adams | |
| 4 | 
|
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) [11] |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817 |
Democratic- Republican |
1808 |
George Clinton
Vacant after | |
| 5 | 
|
James Madison (1751–1836) [12] |
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
Democratic- Republican |
1816
|
Henry Dearborn
| |
| 6 | 
|
John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) [13] |
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1833 |
Democratic- Republican[c] |
1824
|
Smith Thompson
| |
| 7 | 
|
Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) [15] |
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837 |
Democratic | 1832 | Richard Rush | |
| 8 | 
|
Henry Clay (1777–1852) [16] |
March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 |
Whig | 1836 | Daniel Webster | |
| 9 | 
|
Daniel Webster (1782–1852) [16] |
March 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845 |
Whig | 1840 | John Bell | |
| 10 | .jpg)
|
Winfield Scott (1786–1866) [17] |
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 |
Whig | 1844 | Willie P. Mangum | |
| 11 | 
|
James K. Polk (1795–1849) [18] |
March 4, 1849 – June 15, 1849[d] |
Democratic | 1848 | Lewis Cass | |
| 12 | 
|
Lewis Cass (1782–1866) [17] |
June 15, 1849[e] – March 4, 1853 |
Democratic | – | Vacant throughout presidency | |
| 13 | .png)
|
John Bell (1796–1869) [20] |
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 |
Whig
|
1852 | Millard Fillmore | |
| 14 | 
|
Charles Sumner (1811–1874) [21] |
March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 |
Republican | 1856 | Abraham Lincoln | |
| 15 | 
|
Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) [22] |
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865[d] |
Republican
|
1860
|
Cassius Marcellus Clay | |
| 16 | 
|
Cassius Marcellus Clay (1810–1903) [22] |
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869 |
National Union | – | Vacant throughout presidency | |
| 17 | 
|
Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) [24] |
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 |
Republican | 1868
|
Hannibal Hamlin | |
| 18 | 
|
Hannibal Hamlin (1809–1891) [25] |
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 |
Republican | 1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes | |
| 19 | 
|
Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) [24] |
March 4, 1881 – March 4, 1885 |
Republican | 1880 | Rutherford B. Hayes | |
| 20 | 
|
Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) [25] |
March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 |
Republican | 1884 | Robert Todd Lincoln | |
| 21 | 
|
William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–1891) [26] |
March 4, 1889 – February 14, 1891[d] |
Republican | 1888 | Robert Todd Lincoln | |
| 22 | 
|
Robert Todd Lincoln (1843–1926) [27] |
February 14, 1891 – March 4, 1893 |
Republican | – | Vacant throughout presidency | |
| 23 | 
|
Adlai Stevenson I (1835–1914) [28] |
March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
Democratic | 1892 | John Sherman | |
| 24 |
|
Robert Todd Lincoln (1843–1926) [27] |
March 4, 1897 – March 4, 1901 |
Republican | 1896 | William McKinley | |
| 25 | .jpg)
|
Henry Cabot Lodge (1850–1924) [29] |
March 4, 1901 – March 4, 1909 |
Republican | 1900
|
Theodore Roosevelt | |
| 26 | 
|
Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) [30] |
March 4, 1909 – January 6, 1919[d] |
Republican | 1908
|
William Howard Taft
| |
| 27 | 
|
Robert M. La Follette (1855–1925) [31] |
January 6, 1919 – June 18, 1925[d] |
Republican | –
|
Vacant through
March 4, 1921 | |
| 28 | .jpg)
|
Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) [32] |
June 18, 1925[g] – March 4, 1929 |
Republican | – | Vacant throughout presidency | |
| 29 | 
|
Al Smith (1873–1944) [34] |
March 4, 1929 – January 20, 1937 |
Democratic | 1928
|
Cordell Hull
Vacant after | |
| 30 | 
|
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) [35] |
January 20, 1937 – April 12, 1945[d] |
Democratic | 1936
|
Upton Sinclair | |
| 31 | 
|
Upton Sinclair (1878–1968) [36] |
April 12, 1945[h] – January 20, 1949 |
Democratic | – | Vacant throughout presidency | |
| 32 | .jpeg)
|
Henry A. Wallace (1888–1965) [38] |
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1957 |
Democratic | 1948
|
Claude Pepper
| |
| 33 | 
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) [39] |
January 20, 1957 – January 20, 1965 |
Republican | 1956
|
Richard Nixon | |
| 34 | Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) [40] |
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1973 |
Democratic | 1964
|
Robert F. Kennedy
Vacant: | ||
| 35 | Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) [41] |
January 20, 1973 – January 20, 1977 |
Democratic | 1972 | Nelson Rockefeller | ||
| 36 | 
|
Jimmy Carter (b. 1924) [42] |
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1985 |
Democratic | 1976
|
Birch Bayh | |
| 37 | 
|
Harold Stassen (1907–2001) [43] |
January 20, 1985 – January 20, 1989 |
Republican | 1984 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 38 | 
|
Donald Trump (b. 1946) [43] |
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
Republican | 1988 | Arlen Specter | |
| 39 | .jpg)
|
Mario Cuomo (1932–2015) [42] |
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 1997 |
Democratic | 1992 | Ann Richards | |
| 40 |
|
Donald Trump (b. 1946) [43] |
January 20, 1997 – January 20, 2001 |
Republican | 1996 | Bob Dole | |
| 41 | 
|
Ann Richards (1933–2006) [38] |
January 20, 2001 – March 10, 2006[i] |
Democratic | 2000
|
Joe Biden | |
| 42 | 
|
Joe Biden (b. 1946) [44] |
March 10, 2006[j] – January 20, 2013 |
Democratic | –
|
Vacant through May 25, 2006 | |
| 43 | 
|
Barack Obama (b. 1961) [45] |
January 20, 2013 – January 20, 2021 |
Democratic | 2012
|
Bernie Sanders | |
| 44 | .jpg)
|
Bernie Sanders (b. 1941) [46] |
January 20, 2021 – Incumbent |
Democratic | 2020 | Tulsi Gabbard | |
- ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
- ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
- ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
- ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
- ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
- ^ LOC.
- ^ McDonald (2000).
- ^ a b Pencak (2000).
- ^ Peterson (2000).
- ^ Banning (2000).
- ^ Hargreaves (2000).
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
- ^ Cole (2000).
- ^ a b Gutzman (2000).
- ^ a b Shade (2000).
- ^ Rawley (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
- ^ Anbinder (2000).
- ^ Gara (2000).
- ^ a b McPherson (b) (2000).
- ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
- ^ a b McPherson (a) (2000).
- ^ a b Hoogenboom (2000).
- ^ Spetter (2000).
- ^ a b Reeves (2000).
- ^ Campbell (2000).
- ^ Gould (a) (2000).
- ^ Harbaugh (2000).
- ^ Gould (b) (2000).
- ^ McCoy (2000).
- ^ Senate.
- ^ Ambrosius (2000).
- ^ Brinkley (2000).
- ^ Hamby (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
- ^ a b whitehouse.gov (c).
- ^ Ambrose (2000).
- ^ Schaller (2004).
- ^ Parmet (2000).
- ^ a b whitehouse.gov (a).
- ^ a b c whitehouse.gov (b).
- ^ a b Greene (2013).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (g).
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