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Waste management hierarchy adopted in South Korea.

Waste management in South Korea involves waste generation reduction and ensuring maximum recycling of the waste. This includes the appropriate treatment, transport, and disposal of the collected waste. South Korea's Waste Management Law was established in 1986[1], replacing the Environmental Protection Law (1963) and the Filth and Cleaning Law (1973). This new law aimed to reduce general waste under the waste hierarchy (or three 'R's) in South Korea. This Waste Management Law imposed a volume-based waste fee system, effective for waste produced by both household and industrial activities (or municipal solid waste).

The Waste Management Law began the regulation of systematic waste streams through basic principles in waste management practices, from reduction to disposal of waste. This law also encouraged recycling and resource conservation through a deposit-refund system and a landfill post-closure management system[2].  

Waste management

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Main article: Waste management

Solid waste management

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The Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) adapted the national policy on waste management to meet demands for an improved waste disposal system in the 1990s. In order to satisfy the public, Seoul concentrated its waste management policy on waste reduction and utilisation[3]. Originally, solid waste was not an environmental concern in South Korea. There was no concern for environmental hazards with amount of solid waste being generated and dumped in landfills.

The South Korean government only changed an amount of waste disposal services for household waste despite the large amount of waste was generated[4]. This was significant during the Korean economic boom which created an increase in the production of municipal solid waste. Between 1970 to 1990, the amount of municipal solid waste generated grew from 12, 000 tons to 84, 000 tons per day. This led to the rise of waste disposal issues in South Korea[5]. The low recycling rate and increased solid waste generation contributed greatly to environmental pollution. As landfills were heavily relied on, the ground and water were polluted[6]. Air quality was also affected as landfills contributed to hazardous gas emissions with unpredicted fires[6].

Water management

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Water pollution

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The Nakdong River in South Korea.

The Nakdong river is one of the major streams in South Korea, a main drinking source in the Gyeongsang province[7]. Over the past decades, population growth and industrialisation along the Nakdong river has caused pollution of the stream. Industrial waste and sewage, along with urban and agricultural drainage, led to the deterioration of the river[8].

On 1 March 2008, a chemical factory explosion caused a phenol leak into the Nakdong river. The incident caused toxic substances to leak, leading to major health concerns for the public. Tests also found that formaldehyde also leaked into the river, but concluded that the harmful substances were diluted as the amount water discharged was increased[9]. This is the second time the river has been contaminated by phenol.

In 1991, a phenol leak was the result of the bursting of an underground pipe, leaking pure phenol into the river. This disastrous leak rendered the water undrinkable. South Korea was previously careless with its dumping of waste into the water and air, and The Korea Times also discovered the illegal dumping of non-toxic waste along Nakdong river by 343 factories[10]. Water quality quickly became a priority, and water quality has slowly improved with the installation of water treatment plants[11].

Water treatment

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Main article: Arisu
 
Arisu's logo designed with a water drop.

Arisu is a water treatment plant found in Seoul. It is positioned as a safe tap water supply for the citizens of Seoul[12]. Arisu sources its water from the Han River, and it goes through several water tests to ensure drinkable water quality as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO)[13]. Substances tested for include chlorine, iron, and copper. Arisu also manages water flow rate systematically, and controls water quality in purification centres[14]. Aside from that, the Seoul Metropolitan Government operates multiple water treatment plants and Sewage Treatment Centres to ensure improvement of water quality[13].

Volume-based waste fee system

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The volume-based waste fee system (VBWF) was implemented in 1995 by the Korean government. This was made in an attempt to reduce waste generation and encourage recycling amongst its citizens. Municipal waste is collected in synthetic bags, and recyclables are separated and sorted in recycling bins. All disposals, with an exception of recyclables, bulky items, and coal briquettes, are disposed according to the VBWF system. Items are measured with different volume sized bags, and citizens are then charged respectively[15].

A decade after the introduction and implementation of the VBWF system, waste generation rates were reduced, and recycling rates improved dramatically. The public’s awareness for the environment increased and technologies for recycling improved. Decomposable bags were introduced, and excessive packaging of products was also reduced. Refillable products are now preferred to reduce the generation of waste[6]. The VBWF system increased Korean citizens' willingness to recycle, leading to a decreased burden on incineration or landfills[16].

Recycling in South Korea

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Recycling bins in Korea.

Jongnyangje (Hangul: 종량제) is an organised waste management system for the effective collection and reuse of waste and resources in South Korea[17]. All waste must be separated into general waste, food waste, recyclable items, or bulky items[18]. Bulky items consist of waste that are too big to fit into the issued disposal bags, such as furniture, electrical appliances, and office items. These bulky items require special stickers attainable from district offices. Recycling is necessary in South Korea, and recyclable items are divided according to material type, from paper to plastics[19].

 
Food waste collection bins in South Korea.

Food waste

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Food waste is collected separately from general waste in special bags. These food disposal bags are known as eumsigmul sseulegi bongtu (Hangul: 음식물 쓰레기 봉투), and prices of these bags vary by size and district[18]. A monthly fee respective to the amount of food wasted is then charged to each household, enabled through a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) card[20].

Apart from charging fees for food wastage, South Korea also reduces food waste by reprocessing collected food into livestock feed[21]. Since the South Korean government banned the dumping of food waste in landfills in 2005 and implemented food waste recycling in 2013, the amount of food waste being recycled increased dramatically[21]. Citizens are encouraged to include only what animals can eat in these food disposal bags[18]; bones, pits of fruits, and seeds, hence cannot be as considered food waste. The collected waste is then dried out and repurposed into feed appropriate for animal consumption[22].

Some food waste is turned into a fertiliser or food waste compost instead, after it has gone through processing and all moisture is removed[23]. This fermented food waste fertiliser is an eco-friendly and organic option in cultivation of crops.

Plastic waste

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South Korea ranks second in place for largest waste producer worldwide, with South Koreans using an average of 420 plastic bags annually[24]. In order to counter this, South Korea banned all single-use plastic bags in supermarkets. Alternatives such as paper bags, multiple-use cloth shopping bags or recyclable containers will be offered instead, and profits will be funded towards waste disposal. This law was introduced with the intention of putting an end to non-biodegradable garbage in the world[25], as well as to manage and preserve natural resources and recyclable waste[26]. This move was also the result of a revised law on the conservation of resources, and reuse of recyclable waste.

This law implemented following a plastic waste handling crisis, when China banned the importation of plastic garbage. This waste crisis caused South Korea’s recycling firms to stop collecting garbage due to financial loss from the decrease in plastic prices. This resulted in plastic waste left on the streets for weeks. The South Korean government was forced to come up with more sustainable ways to manage plastic waste instead of shipping it overseas.

e-waste

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e-waste (or electronic waste) includes electrical or electronic devices or waste. Managing e-waste or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a major concern due to the magnitude of waste stream involved, as well as the toxic chemicals in the devices. Chemicals include barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and bromated flame retardants. Discarded devices such as old computers, smartphones, and electrical appliances, may leak toxic chemicals if left in landfills[18]. Items such as batteries and cell phones require additional care in disposal. To prevent leakage, the Seoul city government has partnered with SR Center to collect e-waste. Seoul city discards 10 tons of e-waste annually, with only a fifth of e-waste ending up in the special recycling centre. Devices are taken apart at the special recycling centre, where valuable metals such as gold, copper, or rare resources can be extracted[27].

Many parts of the world are researching on feasible and environmentally friendly ways to dispose of e-waste for the WEEE management system. Recycling processes have been established in several countries, but the WEEE waste management system has not been introduced in most countries. In response to the growing concern of electronic waste, ‘the Act on Resource Recycling of Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and End-of-life Vehicles’ was introduced in 2007. This act is aimed at reducing the amount of e-waste ending up in landfills and incinerators, and improving the performance and lifespan of such electronic devices[28].

Legislation

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Waste management law

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The Waste Management Law was first introduced in 1986. It provided a framework that waste management was not only about containment, but reducing waste as well. Since its introduction in 1986, there is more practice of systematic and integrated waste management in South Korea. The South Korean government also funded projects to promote this method of waste management[1]. It covered all waste streams, from municipal solid waste to manure, construction/demolition waste, and infectious waste. In 1991, the Act on Treatment of Livestock Manure, Wastewater and Sewage to manage manure waste separately. In 1992, the Act on Resource Saving and Recycling Promotion was enacted to consider waste as a resource. Based on this act, the volume-based waste fee system was implemented with a pay as you throw concept[29] which provided legal support for those who resided near waste disposal sites, with the NIMBY (not in my back yard) issues.

Zero waste society

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South Korea is working its way to becoming a zero-waste society, aiming to achieve a 3% landfill rate and 87% recycle rate by 2020. This ratification is set to be extended to the year 2025 due to conflicts and setbacks between stakeholders[1].

Waste-to-energy policy

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The South Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) promoted a waste-to-energy policy to boost South Korea’s self-sufficiency rate. The policy aims to reduce the cost of waste disposal through incineration and landfills[30]. To generate electricity, fuel, and heating, waste gas, wood scraps, household waste, and other wastes are used in the conversion to energy. Energy production through waste is 10% cheaper than solar power, and 66% cheaper than wind power. This proves to be the most effective way of producing energy. In 2012, only 3.18% of new and renewable energy was produced, but the South Korean government hopes to increase the percentage to 20% by 2050[31].

Recent challenges

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China has been the dumping ground for the world’s plastic for the longest time. In the 1990s, China saw discarded plastic as profitable, and the Chinese recreated the plastic into smaller, exportable bits and pieces. It was also cheaper for countries to export their plastic to China than discard it themselves. In November 2017, China stopped accepting contaminated plastic. This rejected plastic becomes absorbed by neighbouring countries like Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, and South Korea[32]. Now, Southeast Asian countries are starting to reject this waste as well. In August 2018, Vietnam introduced strict restrictions on plastic scrap imports. Thailand followed suit, announcing a ban on electronic parts. In October 2018, Malaysia also announced a ban on imports of plastic scraps[33].

In early January 2019, the Philippines rejected 1, 200 tons of South Korean waste deemed non-recyclable. It was shipped back to South Korea in 51 trash-filled containers. In addition, 5, 100 tons of South Korean waste had been found to be imported illegally by the Philippines. This waste included batteries, bulbs, used dextrose tubes, electronic equipment and nappies. South Korea and the Philippines are in talks about how the waste should be repatriated.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "South Korea Legislates Towards a Zero Waste Society". Waste Management Review. Jul 17, 2015.
  2. ^ Yang, Won-Seok; Park, Jun-Kyung; Park, Se-Won; Seo, Yong-Chil (2015-04-01). "Past, present and future of waste management in Korea". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 17 (2): 207–217. doi:10.1007/s10163-014-0301-7. ISSN 1611-8227. S2CID 110509114.
  3. ^ "Solid Waste Management". Seoul Solution.
  4. ^ Hong, Seonghoon (September 1999). "The effects of unit pricing system upon household solid waste management: The Korean experience". Journal of Environmental Management. 57: 1–10. doi:10.1006/jema.1999.0286 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  5. ^ "Korea's GG report with OECD indicators" (PDF).
  6. ^ a b c Au, Vincent (Nov 25, 2018). "Don't Trash Talk South Korea's Waste Management System". Medium.
  7. ^ Park, Seok Soon; Lee, Yong Seok (June 2007). "A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea". Ecological Modelling. 152 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00489-6 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  8. ^ Kim, Ki-Hyun; Heo, Woo-Myung; Kim, Bomchul (1998-02-01). "Spatial and Temporal Variabilities in Nitrogen and Phosphorous in the Nakdong River System, Korea". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 102 (1): 37–60. doi:10.1023/A:1004973616860. ISSN 1573-2932. S2CID 94086602.
  9. ^ Ser, Myo-ja (Mar 11, 2008). "The government tests the water, but ecologists say more must be done". Korea JoongAng Daily.
  10. ^ Sanger, David E. (1991-04-16). "Chemical Leak in Korea Brings Forth a New Era". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  11. ^ "South Korea's polluted river basin". Science Daily. July 12, 2018.
  12. ^ "Arisu is - Arisu - Seoul's tap water, Arisu - The Office Of Waterworks Seoul Metropolitan Government". arisu.seoul.go.kr. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  13. ^ a b "Water Management". Seoul Urban Solution Agency.
  14. ^ "Seoul Tap Water Arisu" (PDF). Seoul Metropolitan Government.
  15. ^ Yu, Ki-Yeong. "Volume Based Waste Fee(VBMF) System for Municipal Solid Waste". Seoul Solution.
  16. ^ Yoo, Kee-Young. "Municipal Solid Waste Management". Seoul Solution.
  17. ^ "What Australia can learn from world's best and worst recyclers". SBS News. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  18. ^ a b c d "Garbage Disposal, Recycling - South-Korea - korea4expats". www.korea4expats.com. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  19. ^ Kim, Ryan (2017-02-10). "How to Dispose the Garbage in Korea". Livinko Relocation Services - Relocation and Visa for Korea. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  20. ^ Samson, Carl (June 26, 2017). "How South Korea Reduced Food Waste By 300 TONS a Day". NextShark.
  21. ^ a b "South Korea once recycled 2% of its food waste. Now it recycles 95%". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  22. ^ "Where Does Australia Rank For Recycling Efforts and What Can We Learn". WM Waste Management Services. 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  23. ^ Cho, Joohee (April 20, 2019). "South Korea's food waste reduction plans feature urban farming and modern garbage bins". abc News.
  24. ^ "South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?". South China Morning Post. 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  25. ^ "South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?". South China Morning Post. 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  26. ^ "South Korea bans single-use plastic bags". The Independent. 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  27. ^ "South Korea Launches Initiative to Recycle More E-Waste". VOA. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  28. ^ http://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf
  29. ^ Yang, Won-Seok; Park, Jun-Kyung; Park, Se-Won; Seo, Yong-Chil (2015-04-01). "Past, present and future of waste management in Korea". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 17 (2): 207–217. doi:10.1007/s10163-014-0301-7. ISSN 1611-8227. S2CID 110509114.
  30. ^ "Promotion of a Waste-to-Energy Policy in South Korea / Asia Biomass Energy Cooperation Promotion Office - Asia Biomass Office". www.asiabiomass.jp. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  31. ^ "Waste-to-Energy". Ministry of Environment.
  32. ^ Airhart, Ellen (2018-06-20). "China Won't Solve the World's Plastics Problem Any More". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  33. ^ "Southeast Asia rejects the world's plastic waste". ANN. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
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