Wikipedia

Vermillion County, Indiana

Vermillion County lies in the western part of the U.S. state of Indiana between the Illinois border and the Wabash River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,439.[1] The county seat is Newport.[2] It was officially established in 1824 and was the fiftieth Indiana county created. Vermillion County is included in the Terre Haute, Indiana, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county contains seven incorporated towns with a total population of about 9,900.[3] as well as several unincorporated communities; it is also divided into five townships which provide local services.[4][5] An interstate highway, two U.S. routes, and five state roads cross the county, as does a major railroad line.[6][7]

Vermillion County
County
The Vermillion County Courthouse in Newport
The Vermillion County Courthouse in Newport
Official seal of Vermillion County
Seal
Map of Indiana highlighting Vermillion County
Location within the U.S. state of Indiana
Map of the United States highlighting Indiana
Indiana's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 39°51′N 87°28′W / 39.85°N 87.46°W / 39.85; -87.46
Country United States
State Indiana
FoundedFebruary 1, 1824
Named forVermilion River
SeatNewport
Largest cityClinton
Area
 • Total
259.93 sq mi (673.2 km2)
 • Land256.88 sq mi (665.3 km2)
 • Water3.05 sq mi (7.9 km2)  1.17%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
15,439
 • Density59/sq mi (23/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district8th
Websitewww.vermilliongov.us
Indiana county number 83

History

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The first settlers in the area arrived in 1816, the same year that the state of Indiana was established. Vigo County was formed in 1818 and included the area that later became Parke and Vermillion counties. In 1821, Parke County was formed, and on January 2, 1824, the Indiana General Assembly created Vermillion County out of Parke County; the act took effect on February 1. The county seat was established at Newport later that year.[8]

The county was named for the southbound Vermilion River, which flows nearby. The name is spelled in the French/Commonwealth English style with a double letter "l", in contrast to the American English spelling of the adjacent Vermilion County, Illinois. This is one of only a few cases in the United States in which a county borders a county with the same name in another state.[9][10]

 
The county courthouse which served from 1868 to 1923

The first courthouse was a frame building. The contract was awarded in June 1824 for $345[n 1] and was to be completed by the following November; it was used for county business until a brick building could be constructed. The brick courthouse was contracted in 1831; the completed building was used until January 29, 1844, when the building caught fire. It was repaired and served until 1868 when a third courthouse was built at a cost of $30,000;[n 2] a west wing was added in 1903 at a cost of $28,000.[12][n 3] That building was struck by lightning early on the morning of May 27, 1923, and was largely destroyed by fire. Construction on the fourth (and current) courthouse began that same year; Halbert Fillinger and John Bayard were the architects. The stone building was constructed by Jasper Good of Columbus at a cost of $358,707, and the new courthouse was dedicated on June 11, 1925.[13][n 4]

 
An REO leaves the hill climb starting line

The Newport Hill Climb was first held in 1909. The event was started and stopped several times over the years, but the Newport Lions Club now runs the Newport Antique Auto Hill Climb; it has been held continuously since the 1960s and involves several hundred cars each year.[14]

On January 26, 2017, the wooden grandstand at the Vermillion County Fairgrounds was destroyed by a massive fire. The wooden grandstand was built in 1933 as a WPA work project, and was the oldest wooden grandstand in Indiana. The Cayuga Fire Department said that the cause of the fire is suspicious.[15]

Geography

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Map of Vermillion County

Vermillion County is less than 10 miles (16 km) from east to west at its widest point, but it extends over 37 miles (60 km) from north to south. It shares a 6.5-mile (10.5 km) border with Warren County to the north. Its eastern border is defined by the Wabash River. Fountain and Parke counties lie across the river to the northeast and southeast, respectively. Vermillion County is the southernmost county in Indiana entirely on the right bank of the Wabash. Vigo County, from which Parke and Vermillion counties were formed, lies to the south. The county's western border is shared with the state of Illinois. To the northwest lies Vermilion County, Illinois; its county seat, Danville, is west of the northern border of Vermillion County. To the southwest is Edgar County; its county seat, Paris, is west of Vermillion County's southern border. The state capital of Indianapolis lies about 65 miles (105 km) to the east.[16]

According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 259.93 square miles (673.2 km2), of which 256.88 square miles (665.3 km2) (or 98.83%) is land and 3.05 square miles (7.9 km2) (or 1.17%) is water.[17] The Vermillion River, for which the county was named, enters from Illinois to the west and crosses the county to empty into the Wabash River near Cayuga. Forests cover about 23% of the county, or about 37,865 acres (15,323 ha),[18] and consist principally of deciduous hardwoods among which maple–beech and oak–hickory forests are the most common.[19]

At a meeting of the board of commissioners on March 23, 1824 (the same year the county was formed), four townships were created: Clinton, Helt, Highland, and Vermillion. Later, Eugene Township was created out of portions of Highland and Vermillion; the north end of Highland Township became part of Warren County.[20]

There are seven incorporated towns in Vermillion County. Cayuga is located near the confluence of the Vermillion and Wabash rivers, along State Road 63 just west of its intersection with State Road 234. Clinton is the largest settlement in the county with a population of about 5100, and lies further to the south along the Wabash River, between it and State Road 63; State Road 163 passes through the town to reach U.S. Route 41 on the east side of the river. Fairview Park is just north of Clinton; State Road 63 passes through the north end of the town. Dana is a small town just north of the intersection of U.S. Route 36 and State Road 71. Newport is located just east of State Road 63, a few miles south of Cayuga; it is the county seat, although it is one of the smallest towns in the county. Perrysville is also located along the Wabash River, on State Road 32 just east of its intersection with State Road 63. Universal is in the far southern part of the county, west of State Road 63.[21]

In addition to the towns, there are also many unincorporated communities. Helt Township has more than any other township and includes the communities of Alta, Bono, Highland, Hillsdale, Jonestown, Saint Bernice, and Summit Grove. Clinton Township contains Blanford, Centenary, Klondyke, and Syndicate. Highland Township includes Flat Iron, Gessie, Rileysburg, and Tree Spring. Eugene Township, which contains Cayuga, has just one unincorporated community: Eugene, which is just north of Cayuga.[21]

At least three other communities once existed in Vermillion County but have since become extinct: Quaker, Randall, and Toronto.

 
Tree Spring in northern Vermillion County

Climate

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Newport
Climate chart (explanation)
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Source: The Weather Channel[22]
Metric conversion
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Vermillion County is in the humid continental climate region of the United States along with most of Indiana. Its Köppen climate classification is Dfa,[23] meaning that it is cold, has no dry season, and has a hot summer.[24] In recent years, temperatures in Newport have ranged from an average low of 15 °F (−9 °C) in January to a high of 85 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −26 °F (−32 °C) was recorded in 1994, and a record high of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded in 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.80 inches (46 mm) inches in February to 4.53 inches (115 mm) inches in June.[22]

Transportation

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Interstate 74 passes from east to west through the north end of the county;[25] U.S. Route 136 does so as well, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) further to the north.[26] U.S. Route 36 crosses the south part of the county on its way from Rockville to Chrisman, Illinois, passing just south of Dana.[27]

State Road 32 runs from the state line through Perrysville and continues east toward Crawfordsville.[28] State Road 63 runs the length of the county from north to south on its way to Terre Haute in the south;[29] State Road 71 begins at State Road 63 near Newport and runs southwest, then south through Dana and Bono before ending at Blanford.[30] There, State Road 163 runs east through Clinton to join U.S. Route 41 on the east side of the Wabash River.[31] State Road 234 runs from the Indiana border through Cayuga, continuing east through Kingman in Fountain County.[32]

CSX Transportation operates a railroad line running from Danville, Illinois to Terre Haute. This line runs most of the length of Vermillion County from north to south, passing through Rilesyburg, Cayuga, and Clinton before crossing the Wabash River. Another CSX line coming from Decatur, Illinois, enters the county from the west and meets the north–south line near Hillsdale. The 6-mile (9.7 km) Vermilion Valley Railroad passes through the very north edge of the county on its way from the Flex-N-Gate factory west of Covington to Danville, Illinois.[7]

Airport

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The county has three small airports, the Clinton Airport, located in Clinton, Gessie Airport located in Gessie, and Universal Heli Port located in Universal.[33] The Indianapolis International Airport is located about 65 miles (105 km) to the east.[16][34]

Economy

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Vermillion County's economy is supported by a labor force of approximately 7,924 workers with an unemployment rate in December 2010 of 12.5%. Government jobs make up 13% of the county's employment. Manufacturing accounts for 12.4%, and construction 10%, while 8.5% of the county's jobs relate to farming.[35]

Private employment by company

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The largest private employers in Vermillion County as of 2017 are as follows. This list excludes franchises, retail, and majority part-time employers.[36]

Largest Fulltime Employers of Vermillion County (as of 2017)
Rank Employer Number of Employees
1 White Construction 577
2 Elanco 460
3 South Vermillion School Corp 285
4 Union Hospital 160
5 International Paper 140
6 Duke Energy 120
7 North Vermillion School Corp 120
8 Scott Pet Products 54
9 National Gypsum 22
10 Scott Oil, Inc. 21
11 Hog Slat 18
12 Clinton Color Crafters 17
13 AC Grain 12

Education and health care

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The administration of public schools in Vermillion County is divided between two entities. The North Vermillion Community School Corporation administers North Vermillion Junior-Senior High School and North Vermillion Elementary School, both located just north of Cayuga along State Road 63.[37] The South Vermillion Community School Corporation administers schools located in Clinton, including South Vermillion High School, South Vermillion Middle School, and three elementary schools: Central, Ernie Pyle, and Van Duyn. It also manages the Parke Vermillion Education and Training Interlocal (PVETI) in Hillsdale.[38]

There are no colleges or universities within Vermillion County, but there are several nearby. Indiana State University is a public four-year college in Terre Haute in neighboring Vigo County, about 30 miles (48 km) to the south of Newport. Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology, a smaller private college also in Terre Haute, specializes in teaching engineering, mathematics, and science. Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana has 23 campuses throughout the state; the nearest to Vermillion County is in Terre Haute.

The Vermillion County Public Library has branches in Cayuga, Newport, and Dana.[39] In 1909 a Carnegie library was built in Clinton; it was expanded in 1947 and in 1953. In the early 1990s it was determined that an entirely new building was needed, and this was completed in 1994.[40]

Union Hospital, located in Terre Haute to the south, operates a hospital in Clinton.[41]

Notable people

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Henry Washburn
 
Claude Matthews
 
Ernie Pyle

Henry Dana Washburn was born in Vermont in 1832; in 1850 he moved to Vermillion County, studied law, and opened a practice in Newport in 1853. He served in the Civil War on the Union side as a lieutenant colonel and later as a general; after the war he was elected to the United States House of Representatives and served through 1869. In 1870 he headed an expedition which explored the area that later became Yellowstone National Park. He died 1871 in Clinton and is buried at Riverside Cemetery.[42]

Claude Matthews was the governor of Indiana from 1893 to 1897. He was born in Kentucky in 1845; he moved to Vermillion County in 1867 and became a prominent farmer. He was elected Indiana Secretary of State in 1890, and governor in 1893. He died in 1898 in Indianapolis and is buried in Clinton; he was 52 years old.[43]

Ernie Pyle was born on a farm near Dana in 1900. He served for three months in the United States Navy Reserve at the end of World War I; after the war he attended Indiana University but left before graduating to take a newspaper job. He served for several years as the managing editor at the Washington Daily News, and later became the nation's first aviation columnist. He began as a roving correspondent in 1935, and became a war correspondent when the United States entered World War II. His work during the war earned him a Pulitzer Prize. He died in combat in 1945.[44]

Ken Kercheval was born in Clinton[45] in 1935 and became an actor in 1962; he is best known for his role as "Cliff Barnes" in the television series Dallas.

Dana Lewman lived in Vermillion County until she was six. She is best known for the Breaking Good podcast.[46][47] The five-part series chronicles her early life and teenage summers in various towns within the county, including Dana and Clinton.[48]

Government

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See also: Government of Indiana

The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code.

County Council: The county council is the fiscal body of the county government and controls all the spending and revenue collection in the county. The 7 representatives are elected from 4 county districts and 3 at-large positions. The council members serve four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.[49][50]

Board of Commissioners: The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners. The commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president. The commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government.[49][50]

Court: The county maintains a small claims court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of six years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level circuit court.[50]

County Officials: The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, and circuit court clerk Each of these elected officers serves a term of four years and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and to be residents of the county.[50] Each of the townships has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides poor relief and manages cemetery care, among other duties.[5] The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.[51]

Based on 2000 census results, Vermillion County is part of Indiana's 8th congressional district, the 38th Indiana Senate district,[52] and the 42nd Indiana House of Representatives district.[53]

United States presidential election results for Vermillion County, Indiana[54]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 5,184 69.21% 2,145 28.64% 161 2.15%
2016 4,513 64.72% 2,081 29.84% 379 5.44%
2012 3,426 51.89% 2,979 45.12% 198 3.00%
2008 3,010 42.19% 4,003 56.10% 122 1.71%
2004 3,536 50.39% 3,424 48.80% 57 0.81%
2000 3,130 47.19% 3,370 50.81% 133 2.01%
1996 2,334 35.08% 3,251 48.87% 1,068 16.05%
1992 2,360 30.13% 3,652 46.63% 1,820 23.24%
1988 3,674 47.27% 4,044 52.03% 54 0.69%
1984 4,428 54.30% 3,666 44.96% 60 0.74%
1980 4,195 49.94% 3,793 45.15% 412 4.90%
1976 3,674 43.03% 4,791 56.11% 73 0.86%
1972 4,764 57.24% 3,515 42.23% 44 0.53%
1968 3,607 41.76% 3,845 44.52% 1,185 13.72%
1964 3,397 36.21% 5,957 63.49% 28 0.30%
1960 4,798 46.92% 5,391 52.71% 38 0.37%
1956 5,352 50.81% 5,149 48.88% 32 0.30%
1952 5,283 47.84% 5,708 51.69% 52 0.47%
1948 4,685 45.03% 5,426 52.15% 293 2.82%
1944 4,998 50.17% 4,912 49.30% 53 0.53%
1940 5,716 47.74% 6,174 51.57% 83 0.69%
1936 4,320 37.13% 7,188 61.78% 127 1.09%
1932 4,115 37.85% 6,390 58.77% 367 3.38%
1928 5,192 51.41% 4,793 47.46% 115 1.14%
1924 4,489 49.14% 2,779 30.42% 1,867 20.44%
1920 4,916 52.08% 3,218 34.09% 1,305 13.83%
1916 2,607 43.61% 2,343 39.19% 1,028 17.20%
1912 1,621 33.20% 1,780 36.46% 1,481 30.34%
1908 2,568 50.83% 1,844 36.50% 640 12.67%
1904 2,724 59.39% 1,437 31.33% 426 9.29%
1900 2,322 54.27% 1,799 42.04% 158 3.69%
1896 2,141 53.61% 1,814 45.42% 39 0.98%
1892 1,723 50.16% 1,437 41.83% 275 8.01%
1888 1,730 52.36% 1,438 43.52% 136 4.12%

Communities

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Townships

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Cities and Towns

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Census-Designated Places

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18305,692—
18408,27445.4%
18508,6614.7%
18609,4228.8%
187010,84015.0%
188012,02510.9%
189013,1549.4%
190015,25215.9%
191018,86523.7%
192027,62546.4%
193023,238−15.9%
194021,787−6.2%
195019,723−9.5%
196017,683−10.3%
197016,793−5.0%
198018,2298.6%
199016,773−8.0%
200016,7880.1%
201016,212−3.4%
202015,439−4.8%
2023 (est.)15,417[55]−0.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[56]
1790-1960[57] 1900-1990[58]
1990-2000[59] 2010[60]

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 16,212 people, 6,619 households, and 4,533 families residing in the county.[61] The population density was 63.1 inhabitants per square mile (24.4/km2). There were 7,488 housing units at an average density of 29.1 per square mile (11.2/km2).[17] The racial makeup of the county was 98.3% white, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.3% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population.[61] In terms of ancestry, 24.7% were American, 19.5% were German, 11.0% were Irish, 9.8% were English, and 7.9% were Italian.[62]

Of the 6,619 households, 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.5% were non-families, and 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 41.9 years.[61]

The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $50,743. Males had a median income of $41,620 versus $30,168 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,178. About 11.8% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.[63]

List of Sheriffs

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Parties

  Democratic (41)   Democratic-Republican (3)   Independent (1)
  Republican (4)   Whig (3)

# Sheriff Took office Left office Party Terms Notes
1   William Fulton 1824 1824 Democratic-Republican
2   Caleb Bales 1825 1828 Democratic-Republican
3   Charles Trowbridge 1829 1832 Democratic-Republican
4 William Craig 1833 1834 Independent
5   Allen Stroud 1834 1838 Whig 2
6   William Bales 1839 1842 Whig 1
7   Charles Trowbridge 1843 1846 Whig 1
8   Owen Craig 1847 1848 Democratic 1
9   Eli Newlin 1849 1852 Democratic 1
10   William Potts 1853 1856 Democratic 2
11   James Weller 1857 1860 Democratic 1
12   Isaac Porter 1861 1864 Democratic 1
13   Harvey D. Crane 1865 1868 Republican 1
14   Jacob S. Stephens 1869 1872 Republican 1
15   Lewis H. Beckman 1873 1876 Republican 1
16   Spencer H. Dallas 1877 1880 Democratic 1
17   William C. Myers 1881 1884 Democratic 1
18   John A. Darby 1885 1888 Democratic 1
19   William Rheuby 1889 1890 Republican 1
20   Michael Maher 1891 1892 Democratic 1
21   Joseph C. Dillow 1893 1894 Democratic 1
22   John M. Roberts 1895 1898 Democratic 1
23   Frank Slater 1899 1900 Democratic 1
24   James A. Swayne 1901 1904 Democratic 1
25   Jacob S. Stephens 1905 1908 Democratic 1
26   Morton Hollingsworth 1909 1910 Democratic 1
27   Steve McCown 1911 1913 Democratic 1 Died in office
29   Roscoe Russell 1913 1914 Democratic 1
30   Martin G. Jones 1914 1916 Democratic 1 Killed in office
31   Harry E. Jones 1916 1916 Democratic 1
32   Morton Hollingsworth 1917 1920 Democratic 1
33   Alex C. Jones 1920 1920 Democratic 1
34   James W. Thomas 1920 1920 Democratic 1
35   Lewis Sweet 1921 1922 Democratic 1
36   Harry Newland 1922 1924 Democratic 1
37   William Rein 1925 1928 Democratic 1
38   Harry Newland 1929 1932 Democratic 1
39   Earl Smith 1933 1936 Democratic 1
40   Allen Hennis 1937 1940 Democratic 1
41   Oel Potter 1941 1944 Democratic 1
42   Loren Griffin 1945 1948 Democratic 1
43   Dom Costello 1949 1958 Democratic 2
44   Robert Lindsey 1959 1966 Democratic 2
45   Frank Turchi 1967 1974 Democratic 2
46   Jack Rauchbach 1975 1978 Democratic 2
47   Frank Turchi 1979 1982 Democratic 2
48   Kim H. Hawkins 1983 1990 Democratic 2
49   Larry J. Jones 1991 1994 Democratic 2
50   Paul F. Curry 1995 1998 Democratic 2
51   Kim H. Hawkins 1999 2006 Democratic 2
52   Robert J. Spence 2007 2014 Democratic 2
53   Michael R. Phelps[64] 2015 2022 Democratic 2
54   Mike Holtkamp 2023 Present Democratic 2

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ A $345 capital expense in 1824 would be roughly equivalent to $229,000 in 2009.[11]
  2. ^ A $30,000 capital expense in 1868 would be roughly equivalent to $6,410,000 in 2009.[11]
  3. ^ A $28,000 capital expense in 1903 would be roughly equivalent to $4,000,000 in 2009.[11]
  4. ^ A $350,000 capital expense in 1925 would be roughly equivalent to $21,000,000 in 2009.[11]

References

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  1. ^ "Vermillion County, Indiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  2. ^ "Find a County – Vermillion County, IN". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  3. ^ "Vermillion County, Indiana -- County Subdivision and Place. GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  4. ^ "Indiana Township Association". Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  5. ^ a b "Duties". United Township Association of Indiana. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  6. ^ "Indiana Transportation Map 2009-2010" (PDF). Indiana Department of Transportation. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 18, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
  7. ^ a b "Indiana Railroads" (PDF). Indiana Department of Transportation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 18, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  8. ^ Bowen 1913, p. 249.
  9. ^ Baker, Ronald L.; Carmony, Marvin (1975). Indiana Place Names. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 170.
  10. ^ Circle, Twelve Mile (May 16, 2010). "Adjacent Counties, Same Name, Different States". Twelve Mile Circle. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d Williamson, Samuel H. (April 2010). Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to present. MeasuringWorth. Calculations made using Nominal GDP Per Capita, a measure of capital intensivity, using "the 'average' per-person output of the economy in the prices of the current year." This is a measure of the amount of capital and volume of labor required to reproduce the work over varying production methods, but assuming that money represents a proportion of the economy.
  12. ^ Bowen 1913, p. 256.
  13. ^ Counts, Will; Jon Dilts (1991). The 92 Magnificent Indiana Courthouses. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 172–3. ISBN 978-0-253-33638-5.
  14. ^ Greninger, Howard (October 2, 2009). "Newport Antique Auto Hill Climb marks 100th anniversary of its first race". Terre Haute Tribune-Star. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  15. ^ Associated Press (January 27, 2017). "Massive fire destroys oldest grandstands in Indiana". WTTV CBS. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  16. ^ a b Region of Vermillion County, Indiana (Map). National Atlas of the United States. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  17. ^ a b "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  18. ^ Indiana Department of Natural Resources' Division of Forestry (2010). Indiana Statewide Forestry Strategy (PDF) (Report). Indiana DNR. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  19. ^ USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. "Forests of Indiana: A 1998 Overview". Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  20. ^ Bowen 1913, pp. 252-253.
  21. ^ a b United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Populated places in Vermillion County, Indiana". Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  22. ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Newport, Indiana". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  23. ^ "Köppen Climate Classification for the Conterminous United States". Idaho State Climate Services. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  24. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Copernicus Publications. p. 1636. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  25. ^ "Interstate 74". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  26. ^ "U.S. Route 136". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  27. ^ "U.S. Route 36". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  28. ^ "State Road 32". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  29. ^ "State Road 63". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  30. ^ "State Road 71". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  31. ^ "State Road 163". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
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