Wildcrafting (also known as foraging) is the practice of harvesting plants from their natural, or 'wild' habitat, primarily for food or medicinal purposes. It applies to uncultivated plants wherever they may be found, and is not necessarily limited to wilderness areas. Ethical considerations are often involved, such as protecting endangered species, potential for depletion of commonly held resources, and in the context of private property, preventing theft of valuable plants, for example, ginseng.
When wildcrafting is done sustainably and with proper respect, generally only the fruit, flowers or branches from plants are taken and the living plant is left, or if it is necessary to take the whole plant, seeds of the plant are placed in the empty hole from which the plant was taken. Care is taken to remove only a few plants, flowers, or branches, so plenty remains to continue the supply.[1] The Association of Foragers believes that foraging by people plays an increasingly important role supporting, promoting and defending the health of all plants, fungi, algae, animals (including humans) and the habitats/environments in which they exist.[2] Plants for a Future database lists 7000 plants with edible, medicinal or other uses. In the USA, the mission of United Plant Savers is to protect native medicinal plants of the United States and Canada (such as Goldenseal) and their native habitat while ensuring an abundant renewable supply of medicinal plants for generations to come.[3]
Four states and five national forests in America actively manage the wild harvesting of ginseng to ensure sustainability of wild populations.[4] In Europe, non-wood forest products (e.g., forest fruits, mushroom, cork, pine kernels, acorns, medicinal herbs, essential oils, chestnuts etc.) can be significant in the bioeconomy, especially in regions where wood is not the most profitable product. These were examined during a four year study called The StarTree Project which assessed the wildcrafting of non-timber forest products across 14 regions of Europe to explore best practice and commercial opportunities.[5]
There is no evidence that foraging in small amounts for personal use by people and their families has any impact on populations of plants and fungi. However, once a species attracts widespread commercial interest it can quickly come under pressure if sustainable harvesting and management procedures are not followed. A case in point is Arnica, a medicinal species made into homeopathic remedies and highly popular first aid creams for bumps and bruises. It is now under strict protection and is included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species[6] and in the Red Data Books and Red Data Lists of many European countries.[7][8] Despite the loss of habitats, Arnica is mainly harvested from the wild. Dried flowers traded annually in Europe are estimated to be around 50 tonnes.[9][full citation needed] The collection of Arnica for medicinal purposes has also caused disappearance or reduction in the size of several European populations.[10] The pressure on natural sources of this plant is alleviated by a suitable use of Arnica supply in the European region, where flower heads are harvested.[11]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Buren, Bruce. "Wildcrafting: A "simple" life fraught with a host of complex ethical and practical considerations". The Rodale Institute. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ "The Association of Foragers Principles and Practice". Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ "About United Plant Savers". Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ Chitty, Haley. "2013 Efforts to Improve Sustainable Management of Wild American Ginseng Harvest". American Botanical Council. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ "A Summary of the State of the European non-timber forest products (NWFP)" (PDF). The StarTree Project. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ A. Falniowski, I. Bazos, I. Hodálová, R. Lansdown, and A. Petrova, “Arnica montana,” in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version 2012.2, IUCN, 2012
- ^ D. Korneck, M. Schnittler, and I. Vollmer, “Red list of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta in Germany,” in Red List of Endangered Plants in Germany, G. Ludwig and M. Schnittler, Eds., vol. 28 of Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde, pp. 21–187, Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn, Germany, 1996 (German).
- ^ K. Zarzycki and Z. Szeląg, “Red list of the vascular plants in Poland,” in Red List of the Plants and Fungi in Poland, Z. Mirek, K. Zarzycki, W. Wojewoda, and Z. Szeląg, Eds., pp. 11–20, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland, 2006 (Polish)
- ^ T. Burfield, “Updated list of threatened aromatic plants used in the aroma & cosmetic industries,” 2010
- ^ D. Lange, Europe's Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Their Use, Trade and Conservation, TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK, 1998
- ^ Michler, Barbara. ""Conservation of eastern European medicinal plants Arnica montana in Romania," Case study Gârda de Sus, Management Plan, 2007" (PDF). The World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.