William Whipper (February 22, 1804 – March 9, 1876) was a businessman and abolitionist in the United States. Whipper, an African American, advocated nonviolence and co-founded the American Moral Reform Society, an early African-American abolitionist organization. He helped found one of the first black literary societies in the U.S known as the Reading Room Society whose constitution stated that its aim was the "mental improvement of the people of color in the neighborhood of Philadelphia."[1] William Whipper epitomized the prosperity that Northern Blacks were able to attain in the mid-19th century.[citation needed]
William Whipper | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | February 22, 1804 |
| Died | March 9, 1876 (aged 72) |
| Relatives | William James Whipper (nephew) Leigh Whipper (great nephew) Ionia Rollin Whipper (great niece) |
Early life
editBorn February 22, 1804, in Drumore Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to an enslaved African-American house servant and her white owner. William had siblings, Alfred, Benjamin, Hannah (wife of Stephen Purnell), and Mary Ann (wife of James Burns Hollensworth).
After moving to Philadelphia in the 1820s, he began focusing on business pursuits. In 1834 he opened a free labor and temperance grocery store. His support of the temperance movement was motivated by liquor's destructive effect on Africa and the belief that alcohol consumption was a contributing factor for Africans selling their own people into slavery.[2] In conjunction with his support for the temperance movement, Whipper began actively participating in the antislavery movement.
Business career
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In 1835 Whipper relocated to Columbia, Pennsylvania, with fellow black entrepreneur Stephen Smith.[3] The pair created one of the state's premier lumberyards and accrued substantial wealth demonstrating the benefits of northern freedom. Whipper used his newfound wealth to further his personal fight for moral reform and abolition. He utilized his assets to the benefit of the antislavery movement by helping runaway slaves escape to the north.[4] He was also involved in the Philomathean Institute of Philadelphia, a literary organization which included Frederick Douglass, Charles Burleigh Purvis, Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, and Izaiah Weir.[5] His sister Mary Ann married James Hollensworth and settled in Dresden, Ontario, Canada, a final destination on the Underground Railroad. Mary Ann and James were the overseers of William Whipper's investments in Dresden. William Whipper operated a major Underground Railroad station and provided shelter for slaves primarily from Virginia and Maryland, moving them in part in the railroad cars he owned.
Ideology and contributions to the abolitionist and antislavery movement
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Whipper's antislavery ideology was unique and complex. One of his main tenets rested in moral reform. Moral reform refers to the idea that the abolitionist movement "served as a check on the evil dispositions of blacks and inculcated moral principles.[6]
Initially Whipper believed that white prejudice against Black Americans stemmed from the condition in which blacks found themselves, not just the color of their skin.[7] In order to overcome their condition, Whipper stipulated that "blacks had to improve their mental, economic, and moral situations."[8] By making such improvements, blacks would seemingly conform to white standards of living, making social acceptance more attainable.
Another key component of Whipper's ideology was rooted in idea of nonviolence and rational persuasion. At the age of 24, Whipper published his famous essay "An Address on Non-Resistance to Offensive Aggression". This address suggested that nonviolent means of moral righteousness were necessary to encourage a peaceful political movement towards change. This address has been a considered a precursor to what would become some of the same nonviolent strategies followed during later civil rights movements.
Whipper demonstrated his dedication to the notion of moral reform via the creation of the American Moral Reform Society. In Philadelphia in 1835, he attended the annual convention of the Improvement of Free People of Color. He urged delegates to adopt a resolution, which ended the usage of the word "colored".[9] Because of his persistence, the delegates decided to organize a society that would have no racial boundaries. The convention gave birth to the American Moral Reform Society, and gave Whipper credit as a founding father. The American Moral Reform Society attempted to promote general aims such as educating blacks, establishing a black press, and printing histories of the blacks.[10][11]
Whipper, along with Alfred Niger and Augustus Price, was elected to draft and deliver an address to the American Moral Reform Society that explained the purpose of the organization to the general public. The men declared that "'the depravity of our morals' provoked racial prejudice and claimed that moral reform offered the best means for improving the conditions of black Americans." The speech also called for "the elimination of 'national distinctions, complexional variations, geographical lines, and sectional bounds' in the reform society's conduct.[12]
In the late 1850s and early 1860s, Whipper worked with George DeBaptiste to purchase a steamboat, the T. Whitney, which shipped lumber and escaping slaves between Sandusky, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, and Amherstburg, Ontario. The ship was managed in part by Samuel C. Watson.[13]
Family
editWilliam Whipper married the sister of his business partner Stephen Smith, Harriet Smith (1818–1906) of Columbia, Pennsylvania. A daughter, Harriet, was born in 1837,[14] and appears to have died before adulthood.[15]
He raised a nephew, James Whipper Purnell, as his son. He taught him the lumber business as well as the inner workings of the Underground Railroad. Purnell became a lumber merchant in Chatham, Ontario, and was also secretary to Martin R. Delany while he was planning his back-to-African expedition.[15]
According to the John Brown by W. E. B. Du Bois, James W. Purnell was also a member of the John Brown convention held in Chatham. James Whipper Purnell married Julia Ann Shadd, a cousin of Mary Ann Shadd Cary, in 1864. Their son, Dr. William Whipper Purnell, was a practicing physician in Washington, D.C., and later Oakland, California. Dr. Purnell, a graduate of Howard University School of Medicine, served in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection.[16] William Whipper Purnell married Theodora Lee of Chicago, Illinois, granddaughter of John Jones, a tailor, businessman and, before the Civil War, a well known abolitionist. They had one son, Lee Julian Purnell (1896–1983), who was one of the first African Americans to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; he took a degree in electrical engineering. He later had a successful engineering practice in Washington, D.C. and was the dean of the engineering department at Howard University for 20 years. His son Lee Julian Purnell, Jr. was an electrician and building contractor who, in 1983, survived a 100-foot fall down an elevator shaft at the Forest Glen Station of the D.C. Metro.[17]
African-American educator, author and activist Frances Rollin Whipper was married to Whipper's nephew, attorney William James Whipper. Actor Leigh Whipper was her son.[18]
References
edit- ^ Blockson, Charles L. (1998). Damn rare : the memoirs of an African-American bibliophile. Tracy, California. ISBN 978-1-892697-00-4. OCLC 40487991.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Locke, Mamie E. "Whipper". American National Biography Online. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ Lancaster County Historical Society (1896). "Historical papers and addresses of the Lancaster County". 26–27.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Still, William (1872). The Underground Railroad. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. pp. 735–740. ISBN 1849029628.
- ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p597
- ^ Bell, Howard H. (Winter 1958). "The American Moral Reform Society 1836-1841". The Journal of Negro Education. 27 (1): 34–40. doi:10.2307/2293690. JSTOR 2293690.
- ^ Zimmerman, David. "William Whipper and the Black Abolitionist Tradition". Millersville University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
- ^ Foner, Philip Sheldon (1983). History of Black Americans, From the Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom to the Eve of the Compromise of 1850. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-7966-7.
- ^ Gordon, Dexter B. (1983). Black Identity: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalism. Southern Illinois University. ISBN 978-0809327355.
- ^ "William Whipper, A Thoughtful Abolitionist". African American Registry. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ Porter, Dorothy. “Documentation on the Afro-American: Familiar and Less Familiar Sources.” African Studies Bulletin 12, no. 3 (1969): 293–303.
- ^ Ripley, C. Peter (2015-02-13). The Black Abolitionist Papers: Vol. III: the United States, 1830-1846. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-2440-2.
- ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p860-865
- ^ 1850 US Federal Census; Columbia, Pennsylvania
- ^ a b "The Whipper Family". Chatham, Ontario: Chatham-Kent Black Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ Beasley, Delilah L. (1919) The Negro Trail-Blazers of California, 300
- ^ Levy, Claudia (2013) "Lee J. Purnell, Jr., Electrician, dies at 74," Washington Post, August 6, 2013
- ^ Pride of Family: Four Generations of American Women of Color; Carole Ione; 2007 Harlem Moon Classic
External links
edit- Biography (Afrolumens Project) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 18, 2012)