Williams Mix (1951–1953) is a 4'16" electroacoustic composition by John Cage for eight simultaneously played independent quarter-inch magnetic tapes. The first piece of octophonic music,[1][2] the piece was created by Cage with the assistance of Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, David Tudor, and Bebe and Louis Barron (who would later create the first all-electronic feature film soundtrack for Forbidden Planet) using many recorded sound sources on tape and a graphic score by the composer. "Presignifying the development of algorithmic composition, granular synthesis, and sound diffusion," it was the third of five pieces completed in the Project for Music for Magnetic Tape (1951–1954), funded by dedicatee architect Paul F Williams Jr.[3] Richard Kostelanetz of Stereo Review described Williams Mix as a "tape collage composed ... by chance procedures" which, similar to Cage's earlier works (but not many subsequent ones), was "offered to the world in a permanent form."[4]
| Williams Mix | |
|---|---|
| by John Cage | |
_page_three.png) Page three of the score | |
| Composed | 1952 |
| Performed | March 23, 1953 |
| Published | Unpublished |
| Movements | 1 |
| Scoring | 193 page graphic score |
The material recorded by the Barrons was organized into six categories: city, country, electronic, manually produced, wind, and "small" sounds. These sounds were then "subjected...to I Ching manipulations, producing constant jumps from one sound to another or buzzing, scrambled textures of up to sixteen simultaneous layers."[5] The 193-page score, "a full-size drawing of the tape fragments, which served as a 'score' for the splicing,"[6] is described by Cage as similar to "a dressmaker's pattern – it literally shows where the tape shall be cut, and you lay the tape on the score itself."[3] Thus, like a recipe, the piece may be recreated using different tapes and the score.
The work was premiered March 23, 1953 at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign as part of an evening that Cage programmed of music for magnetic tape during the Festival of Contemporary Arts.[7] The piece was also played at the 25th Year Retrospective Concert of the Music of John Cage on May 15, 1958, and was recorded by Columbia Records producer George Avakian. Avakian[8] released this recording of the concert on a three-LP set with a booklet including extensive notes and illustrations of scores.
Larry Austin later created a computer program, the "Williams (re)Mix(er)", based on an analysis of "Williams Mix", which could "yield ever-new Williams Mix scores." With this software, Austin created Williams (re)Mix[ed] (1997–2000), an octophonic variation of Williams Mix using different sound sources.[9]
In 2012, University of California, San Diego electronic music professor Tom Erbe became the first person to recreate "Williams Mix" from the original score, creating performance software in Pure Data carefully following the score and Cage's notes.[10] Erbe's debut performance of "Williams Mix" was on Cage's 100th birthday, September 5, 2012, at Fresh Sound in San Diego.[11] Erbe also created a version of "Williams Mix" for clipping.'s 2014 album CLPPNG, using samples of the band's music as the sound material.
Discography
edit- John Cage (1994). The 25 Year Retrospective Concert of the Music of John Cage. Wergo [6247].
- (2000/2005). OHM: The Early Gurus of Electronic Music. Ellipsis Arts [3690].
- Larry Austin (2001). Octo-Mixes, Larry Austin, Octophonic Computer Music, 1996–2001. EMF CD 039.
- John Cage (2010). Fontana Mix. Él.
- clipping. and Tom Erbe (2014). Last track on CLPPNG. Sub Pop SP1071.
References
edit- ^ Leider, Colby (2004). Digital Audio Workstation, p. 290. ISBN 978-0-07-142286-4.
- ^ Collins, Nicholas (2010). Introduction to Computer Music, p.26. ISBN 978-0-470-71455-3.
- ^ a b Hall, Patricia and Sallis, Friedemann (2004). A Handbook to Twentieth-Century Musical Sketches, p. 189. ISBN 978-0-521-80860-6.
- ^ Kostelanetz, Richard (May 1969). "The American Avant-Garde Part II: John Cage" (PDF). Stereo Review: 62. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ Ross, Alex (2008). The Rest is Noise, p. 402. ISBN 978-0-312-42771-9.
- ^ Pritchett, James (1996). The Music of John Cage, p. 91. ISBN 978-0-521-56544-8.
- ^ Defibaugh, Duffy (March 24, 1953). "'Magnetic Music' Not Ready". The Daily Illini.
- ^ Palmer, Robert (25 October 1981). "JOHN CAGE'S NIGHT OF UPROAR". The New York Times.
- ^ Austin, Larry 2004. Hall, Patricia, and Friedemann Sallis, eds. "John Cage's Williams Mix (1951-3): the restoration and new realisations of and variations on the first octophonic, surround-sound tape composition", A Handbook to Twentieth-Century Musical Sketches, p.189. ISBN 978-0-521-80860-6.
- ^ Daniel James Wolf, "Williams Mix Remixed", October 7, 2013
- ^ Bobby Bray, "Random Music Box", San Diego Reader, April 29, 2012 .
Further reading
edit- Schrader, Barry (1982). "Composing with Cutting and Splicing Techniques: Williams Mix by John Cage", Introduction to Electro-Acoustic Music. ISBN 978-0-13-481515-2.