Wikipedia

Yōichi Masuzoe

Yōichi Masuzoe (舛添 要一, Masuzoe Yōichi, born 29 November 1948) is a Japanese politician who was elected to the position of governor of Tokyo in 2014 and resigned in June 2016 due to the misuse of public funds. He was previously a member of the Japanese House of Councillors and the Japanese Minister of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Before entering politics, he became well known in Japan as a television commentator on political issues.[citation needed]

Yōichi Masuzoe
舛添 要一
Official portrait, 2014
Governor of Tokyo
In office
9 February 2014 – 21 June 2016
Preceded byNaoki Inose
Succeeded byYuriko Koike
President of the New Renaissance Party
In office
23 April 2010 – 22 July 2013
Preceded byHideo Watanabe
Succeeded byHiroyuki Arai
Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare
In office
27 August 2007 – 16 September 2009
Prime Minister
Preceded byHakuo Yanagisawa
Succeeded byAkira Nagatsuma
Member of the House of Councillors
In office
29 July 2001 – 28 July 2013
ConstituencyNational
Personal details
Born (1948-11-29) 29 November 1948 (age 75)[1]
Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
Political partyIndependent (2013–present)
Other political
affiliations		LDP (2001–2010)
NRP (2010–2013)
Spouse(s)Satsuki Katayama (second, 1986–1989)
Children5
Residence(s)Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Alma mater

Early life

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Masuzoe was born in Kitakyushu in Fukuoka Prefecture on 29 November 1948. He graduated from Yahata High School in 1967 and entered the Faculty of Law at the University of Tokyo, where he majored in law, politics and history.[2] He is conversationally fluent in English and French.[citation needed]

Masuzoe was an academic assistant at the University of Tokyo from 1971, and later spent several years in Europe as a research fellow at the University of Paris (1973–75) and the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva (1976–78). He was an assistant professor at the University of Tokyo from 1979 to 1989. After leaving the university in 1989, he established the Masuzoe Institute of Political Economy.[2] He became known as a frequent guest on political talk shows in Japan, particularly the popular TV Tackle program hosted by Takeshi Kitano.[3]

While continuing his writing and consulting on foreign affairs, Masuzoe relocated from Tokyo to Kitakyushu in the 1990s to take care of his aging mother, who began to show signs of deteriorating mental health. In 1998, he published a book entitled When I Put a Diaper on My Mother, which details his experience caring for his mother and the obstacles imposed by the Japanese welfare system. The book sold 100,000 copies, more than any of his previous political works, and propelled Masuzoe into the national spotlight as an authority on the aging society in Japan.[4]

Legislative career

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Liberal Democratic Party

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Masuzoe ran for Governor of Tokyo in the 1999 election, placing third among nineteen candidates (behind Shintaro Ishihara and Kunio Hatoyama).[5]

He won his first National Diet seat in the Upper House in 2001 with the largest number of ballots in the national proportional representation section of the House of Councilors.[6] His main election promise was to change the Bank of Japan's policies by reforming the Bank of Japan Law. However, in May 2001 the book Princes of the Yen (『円の支配者』) on the Bank of Japan, by Richard Werner, became a number one general bestseller, and Masuzoe agreed with its conclusion that to end the recession and avoid future banking disasters and credit-driven boom-bust cycles, the Bank of Japan Law had to change to make the central bank more accountable for its policies.[7] Masuzoe won with a landslide victory – presaging the same platform, policy recommendation and landslide victory enjoyed by Shinzō Abe in the election that was to make him prime minister in late 2012. After his victory in 2001, Masuzoe duly formed the LDP BoJ Law Reform Group and appointed Professor Werner as its advisor.[8] It included the members of the Lower House Yoshimi Watanabe and Kozo Yamamoto, among others.

In 2006, he was named deputy director general of an LDP committee charged with redrafting the Constitution of Japan. In this role, he argued that Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan, which prohibits Japan from maintaining warmaking potential, was increasingly disjoined from the reality of Japan's defense arrangements, and should be revised to allow the Japan Self-Defense Forces to have the status of a military.[9]

In August 2007, Masuzoe was appointed as Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare. He served in this position until 2009 under three consecutive prime ministers (Shinzō Abe, Yasuo Fukuda and Tarō Asō).[2] Abe reportedly[attribution needed] appointed Masuzoe, a frequent critic of Abe's policies, to silence critics who would call him a factionalist.[3] Masuzoe came under fire during his tenure for an incident in which the government failed to match 50 million pension records with their owners, which led Democratic Party of Japan head Ichirō Ozawa to call for Masuzoe's censure if he did not apologize.[10]

As MHLW minister, Masuzoe was the first Japanese government official to set forth a timetable for the settlement of lawsuits against the state for hepatitis C infections caused by tainted blood transfusions, and started an internal investigation regarding the ministry's previous responses to the issue.[11] The plaintiffs rejected his settlement proposal in December 2007, which placed strain on the Fukuda government's approval ratings.[12]

Masuzoe set up a study group within the LDP in early 2010 to study economic reforms similar to those begun by Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi.[13]

New Renaissance Party

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By early 2010, Masuzoe had become an extremely popular political figure, with opinion polls suggesting that he was the public's most favored prime ministerial candidate by a wide margin. In a Kyodo News poll in March 2010, 23.7% of respondents named him as the best candidate for prime minister, compared to only 8.3% who chose second-ranked incumbent prime minister Yukio Hatoyama.[14] The Liberal Democratic Party at the same time had incurred a massive general election defeat in August 2009, and its approval ratings continued to plummet following the election of Sadakazu Tanigaki as party president in September 2009.[15]

In April 2010, Masuzoe left the LDP and formed a splinter group called New Renaissance Party (Shintō Kaikaku). The party's platform included a call for decentralization, deregulation, and a halving of the number of Diet members. At the time, The Economist's Banyan column dubbed Masuzoe "Japan's most popular politician".[16] Both the NRP and Your Party, led by ex-LDP lawmaker Yoshimi Watanabe, were viewed at the time as potentially effective center-right counterweights to the Democratic Party of Japan, and possibly even successors to the LDP itself.[15] Masuzoe's party nonetheless gained minimal traction. Four of its initial six Upper House members were voted out in the July 2010 election, leaving the party with only Masuzoe and Hiroyuki Arai representing it in the Upper House; the NRP was ultimately overshadowed by Your Party as a reformist element.[17]

LDP secretary-general Nobuteru Ishihara indicated in October 2010 that Masuzoe would run as a candidate in the 2011 Tokyo gubernatorial election, which Masuzoe emphatically denied, stating that he would serve out the remainder of his term in the House of Councillors.[18] In December 2010, he met with Ichirō Ozawa, Yukio Hatoyama and Kunio Hatoyama, reportedly to discuss a potential political realignment within the ruling Democratic Party of Japan following the resignation of Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshito Sengoku.[19] He continued to be critical of the DPJ administration under Naoto Kan in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, saying that "the government has failed to disclose information thoroughly and, secondly, it has created a confusing array of committees and organizations".[20]

Masuzoe made efforts in foreign relations as head of the NRP. He met with Chinese state councilor Dai Bingguo in March 2011 following the resignation of Foreign Minister Seiji Maehara to reassure the Chinese government about Japan's stability.[21] He traveled to Taiwan in October 2011 as part of a trilateral security dialogue between Taiwan, Japan and the United States,[22] and met with Tang Jiaxuan in Beijing in April 2013 as part of an effort to improve strained Sino-Japanese relations following the nationalization of the Senkaku Islands.[23]

Masuzoe was reportedly considered for a cabinet position under Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda in January 2012, but was passed over. On 18 January, he dissolved his alliance with the Sunrise Party of Japan led by Takeo Hiranuma. Later that month, the Asahi Shimbun proclaimed that he had "dropped off the political radar".[17]

In a September 2012 column, Masuzoe was critical of Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda's "succession of failures on both the domestic and foreign policy fronts", and was also critical of incoming LDP president Shinzō Abe, writing: "Wariness of Abe on the Korean and Chinese sides would make an improvement in relations increasingly difficult. If he shows an excessively right-wing bent when dealing with reform to the Constitution, he will no longer be able to garner support from the majority of the Japanese people."[24] He held out hope that dissatisfaction with the DPJ and LDP would boost third parties in the 2012 general election, writing that "the dysfunction within the DPJ, and the lack of any impetus for internal reform in the LDP, is forcing the electorate to seriously consider supporting political forces outside the traditional two-party structure".[25]

During the 2012 election race, Masuzoe expressed opposition to the consumption tax increase implemented by the DPJ, and argued in favor of deregulation and reducing corporate taxes, as well as implementation of a dōshūsei federal system.[26] He openly considered leaving the House of Councillors to run for governor of Tokyo in the 2012 gubernatorial election at the behest of DPJ legislators in the metropolitan assembly, and also considered running for the House of Representatives in the general election.[27]

Following the resounding victory of Abe and the LDP in the general election, Masuzoe announced in June 2013 that he would not stand for re-election in the July 2013 House of Councillors election, stating, "I have done the best I could for nearly three years, but I was unable to boost [the party's] strength."[28]

Governor of Tokyo

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With Shinzō Abe (at the Prime Minister's Official Residence on 26 February 2014)
 
With Shun'ichi Yamaguchi (at the Headquarters of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology 22 October 2014)

Masuzoe was considered by both the Liberal Democratic Party and Democratic Party of Japan as a potential candidate for the 2014 gubernatorial election in Tokyo.[29] In a December 2013 LDP poll, he reportedly had the strongest support among a broad field of potential candidates.[30] The party was divided with regard to candidate selection, with local LDP lawmakers seeking an experienced candidate and the central party leadership seeking a candidate with name recognition; Masuzoe was viewed as a compromise between these two requirements, even though he was no longer a member of the LDP.[31]

Masuzoe ran as an independent with LDP support, as part of which he resigned from the New Renaissance Party and entered into a policy pact with the LDP. His platform focused on successfully holding the 2020 Summer Olympics and enhancing social security and disaster prevention measures. Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga of the LDP stated that Masuzoe "made a great contribution as a state minister to the management of health, welfare and labor issues", while Jin Matsubara of the DPJ stated that Masuzoe was "the right candidate to receive our support".[32] Masuzoe attended a meeting of the Tokyo LDP in January 2014 and apologized for leaving the party in a bid to win their support.[33]

Masuzoe led opinion polls through the final week of the campaign. His most prominent opponent, former opposition Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa, had the backing of the popular former LDP prime minister Jun'ichirō Koizumi. In a rare display of humor, Masuzoe dismissed a question as to whether the "tag team" of ex-prime ministers was intimidating, saying "I wouldn't care if they had a hundred prime ministers!"[34] Hosokawa, as well as rival Kenji Utsunomiya, both made opposition to nuclear power a key issue in their campaigns, while Masuzoe, who supported a gradual phase-out of nuclear power, focused on social welfare issues. He ultimately won the election amid low voter turnout following a blizzard in Tokyo the previous day.[35]

Resignation

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In March 2016, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government released Masuzoe's overseas travel expenses for 2015, which came to 57 million yen. From March 2016, the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly received a total of 610 telephone calls of complaint regarding Masuzoe's alleged extravagant spending. Then in May of that year, the Shukan Bunshun weekly news magazine reported on issues regarding public figures' official automobile travel expenses and the use of political funds for family trips. Masuzoe was the focus of the reports on the use of political funds for family trips, and came under prolonged media criticism. Masuzoe held a press conference that month to apologize for having declared over ¥370,000 spent on dining with his family at restaurants in 2013 and 2014 as "meeting-related" expenses covered by political funds. Among these were hotel expenses, family vacation trips, artwork, comic books as well as the use of government vehicle to travel to his holiday home located in Yugawara, Kanagawa Prefecture.[36][37] In the following weeks investigations into his activities uncovered further inappropriate spending of public funds. An investigation instigated by Masuzoe and conducted by lawyers determined that he had used ¥4.4 million "inappropriately", but had not committed any crime.[38] Masuzoe subsequently declared that he would refund the misappropriated expenses, but refused to resign over the issue.

Following the findings of the report and Masuzoe's admission, public discontent continued to rise in the first half of June 2016, with at least 70 per cent of Tokyo residents seeking his resignation. Masuzoe lost the support of his former backers, the LDP and Komeito parties, as they feared negative consequences in the national House of Councillors election to be held on 10 July and the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly election the following year.[38] On the afternoon of 15 June 2016, a no-confidence motion jointly submitted by all parties, including the LDP and Komeito, was to be voted upon in the Metropolitan Assembly. Despite publicly stating his refusal to step down the previous day, citing more time for public consideration, Masuzoe ultimately submitted his resignation effective 21 June to assembly president Shigeo Kawai on the morning of 15 June 2016.[39] Another reason Masuzoe gave for seeking to delay his resignation was the pending Olympic Games in Rio, Brazil, which he was scheduled to attend as the representative of Tokyo, the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics. If the election of his replacement was held in July 2016, then the subsequent election would happen in July 2020, in the middle of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.[38]

Views

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In a 1996 Shokun article cited by SDP leader Mizuho Fukushima, Masuzoe argued that nuclear power is a fundamental component of national energy and defense policy and should not be influenced by local concerns: he asked "if 30,000 local residents can reject a national policy in a referendum, where and how are the other 125 million Japanese citizens supposed to manifest their own intentions?"[40]

Fukushima also cited a 1989 article in which Masuzoe argued that women are "not fundamentally suited for politics"; that women lack the ability to compile parts into a logical whole, thus leading to single-issue politics; that women lack the physical strength to work 24 hours a day and make major decisions; and that their menstrual cycle leads them to be "abnormal" on a monthly basis and unsuitable for making major policy decisions such as whether to go to war.[41]

Masuzoe, while Governor of Tokyo, is reported as having joined in general laughter in response to several taunts by male members of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly aimed at the female representative Ayaka Shiomura during a session of the Assembly on 18 June 2014. Shiomura was calling for more government assistance for women seeking to have children when she was met with heckles such as "You are the one who must get married as soon as possible" and "Can't you even bear a child?"[42][43]

Personal life

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Masuzoe has married three times. His first marriage was to a French woman whom he met while studying in Europe; they divorced. He married Ministry of Finance bureaucrat Satsuki Katayama in 1986; they were divorced in 1989 and Katayama later became a member of the Diet. Masuzoe is known to have five children, three of which were born out of wedlock by two other women;[44] one of his children, aged 25 as of 2014, is seriously disabled, and Masuzoe's negotiations with the child's mother over support payments drew attention in the Japanese tabloid press.[45] Prime Minister Abe said that he wanted Katayama more than anyone else to stand in support of Masuzoe's 2014 gubernatorial bid, but Katayama responded that it was difficult for her to do so given the state of the negotiations.[46] The magazine Nikkan Gendai reported in 2007 that Masuzoe held a wedding ceremony with another Japanese woman in France (but was not legally married to her) before marrying his first wife.[47]

Masuzoe is a fan of horse racing, and owned several racehorses before entering politics. Two of his horses won the Tokyo Derby in 1997 and 1998 respectively.[45]

Masuzoe lives in Setagaya, Tokyo, and has vacation homes in Yugawara and Lake Kawaguchi.[45]

References

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  1. ^ "Masuzoe Yōichi: Tokyo's Next Governor". nippon.com. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "プロフィール". Masuzoe Yoichi Official Site. Retrieved 29 March 2005.
  3. ^ a b "Yoichi Masuzoe set for the Cabinet?". Japan News Review. 27 August 2007. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  4. ^ Crowell, Todd (24 July 1998). "A Son's Solution: How one man showed his love". AsiaWeek. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  5. ^ "平成11年都知事選挙 開票結果". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  6. ^ "Cabinet Profiles: Yoichi Masuzoe". Japan Times. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  7. ^ The English edition of the book (Richard A. Werner (2003), Princes of the Yen, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe) carries Masuzoe's endorsement.
  8. ^ See the joint interview with Masuzoe and Werner in the May 2002 issue (pages 9–16) of the monthly magazine CHICHI, url=http://www.chichi.co.jp/
  9. ^ Yamauchi, Toshihiro (26 June 2006). "The Constitutional Amendment Arguments made by Mr. Masuzoe of Liberal Democratic Party of Japan's New Constitutional Amendment Drafting Committee and its Issues". Japan Institute of Constitutional Law. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  10. ^ Sekiguchi, Toko (1 April 2008). "Ozawa Says DPJ Won't Rule Out Censure Against Health Minister". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  11. ^ "Gov't keen on settlement with hepatitis C patients by year-end". Kyodo. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  12. ^ "Hepatitis patients reject govt aid plan". China Daily. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  13. ^ Jackson, Paul (24 April 2010). "Man Who Cried Wolf? Yoichi Masuzoe's newly-launched party gets off to an unpromising start". The Diplomat. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  14. ^ "参院は「民主過半数望まず」58％ 共同通信世論調査 内閣支持率、36％に下落". 日本経済新聞. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2014. 「いま首相に最もふさわしい政治家」を聞いたところ、自民党の舛添要一前厚生労働相が23.7％と断トツで以下、鳩山首相8.3％、菅直人副総理7.4％、岡田克也外相7.2％、石破茂自民党政調会長5.4％の順。谷垣禎一自民党総裁は2.3％、小沢氏は1.4％にとどまった。
  15. ^ a b Harris, Tobias (22 April 2010). "Japan's LDP Loses Its Way". Newsweek. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  16. ^ "LDP, RIP: Japan's most popular politician quits Japan's Liberal Democratic Party". The Economist. 23 April 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  17. ^ a b "Former welfare minister Yoichi Masuzoe out of political spotlight". 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  18. ^ "舛添氏「本当に迷惑」 都知事選巡る自民幹事長発言に". 日本経済新聞. 23 October 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  19. ^ "小沢・鳩山・邦夫・舛添氏が会合 政界再編へ臆測も 「仙谷氏辞任を」小沢系が攻勢". 日本経済新聞. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  20. ^ Masuzoe, Yoichi (18 May 2011). "The Kan Administration Reveals Its Incompetence". Japan Echo. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  21. ^ "舛添氏、中国国務委員と会談 日中関係改善努力で合意". 日本経済新聞. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  22. ^ "Taiwan-US-Japan security dialogue held in Taipei". Taiwan Today. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  23. ^ Zhang, Yunbi (2 April 2013). "Diplomats call for better China-Japan ties". China Daily. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  24. ^ Masuzoe, Yoichi (25 October 2012). "An Uncertain Year Ahead Following the Leadership Elections". Nippon.com. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  25. ^ Masuzoe, Yoichi (9 October 2012). "Gearing Up for the General Election". Nippon.com. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  26. ^ "改革 舛添代表 規制緩和で活性化 党首討論の要旨". 日本経済新聞. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  27. ^ "民主、舛添氏に都知事選出馬打診 前向き検討か". 日本経済新聞. 10 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  28. ^ "New Renaissance Party head Masuzoe won't seek re-election". Kyodo News. 8 June 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  29. ^ "自民、民主で舛添氏奪い合う". 日刊スポーツ. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  30. ^ "東国原氏、舛添氏が人気 自民調査". 日刊スポーツ. 25 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013. ２３日まで有権者の意向を探る世論調査を行った結果、国会議員に対する支持は低く、党内に擁立論がある舛添要一元厚労相（６５）や、党が出馬を警戒する東国原英夫前衆院議員（５６）が、一定の支持を集めたことが分かった。
  31. ^ "都知事選「勝てる候補」は？ 自民、７氏選び世論調査". 日本経済新聞. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  32. ^ "Ex-health minister Masuzoe mulls running in Tokyo gubernatorial race". Mainichi Shimbun. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  33. ^ "舛添氏、自民離党を陳謝 都連会合に出席". 日本経済新聞. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  34. ^ "都知事選候補の"仰天発言"相次ぐ シロクマ大量死、ＡＫＢ…". ZAKZAK. 6 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014. 情勢調査でリードする舛添氏は、選挙後を考えてか慎重な発言が多い。ただ、東京・有楽町の日本外国特派員協会で１月３１日に記者会見した際、細川氏と小泉純一郎元首相との"元首相タッグ"を「恐れているか？」と聞かれて、「１００人の元首相がいても問題ない！」と言い切り、海外メディアを笑わせた。
  35. ^ Ozawa, Harumi (10 February 2014). "Masuzoe says he wants to make Tokyo No. 1 city in world". AFP. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  36. ^ "舛添都知事に政治資金規正法違反の重大疑惑！". 13 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  37. ^ "舛添都知事に政治資金規正法違反の重大疑惑！". 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  38. ^ a b c Yoshida, Reiji; Wanklyn, Alastair; Osaki, Tomohiro (15 June 2016). "Masuzoe resigns over expenses scandal; Sakurai vows not to enter forthcoming gubernatorial race". Japan Times. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  39. ^ "舛添氏が辞職願＝21日付、政治資金流用で引責―都議会の不信任前に". Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  40. ^ Fukushima, Mizuho (31 January 2013). "舛添要一さんの発言について". Blogos. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  41. ^ Fukushima, Mizuho (31 January 2014). "舛添要一さんの発言について". Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  42. ^ "Tokyo metropolitan assembly flooded with protests over sexist jeering". 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  43. ^ "都議会ヤジ＞笑った指摘に舛添知事「塩村氏の笑いに笑み」". 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  44. ^ "舛添要一氏 「月収8万円だから」と婚外子への扶助減額要求". 週刊ポスト. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  45. ^ a b c "都知事選「本命」舛添氏 高支持率も最大のネックはカネ". 日刊ゲンダイ. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  46. ^ "片山氏、舛添氏支持依頼に難色 「婚外子への慰謝料扶養が不十分」". MSN Sankei News. 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  47. ^ "舛添厚労相 ～実は４度の結婚、２人の愛人、５人の子供～". 日刊ゲンダイ. 8 September 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
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Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Tokyo
2014–2016 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan
2007–2009 		Succeeded by
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